Enregistrer French Verb Conjugation to Record, Register

Understanding Eclipses Essay - 516 Words

Understanding Eclipses A scientific event which captures my interest and attention is an eclipse. In astronomy, an eclipse is a complete or partial obscuring of a celestial body by another. An eclipse occurs when three celestial objects become aligned. There are two distinctly different types of eclipse phenomena known to astronomers. In the first, the eclipsing body comes between an observer and the eclipsed object while the other celestial object appears to the observer totally or partially covered by the eclipsing object. An example of this is when eclipses of the Sun occur(This is known as a solar eclipse). A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon, revolving in its orbit around the Earth, moves across the disk of the Sun so†¦show more content†¦In rare instances, more may occur, as in 1935, when there were five solar eclipses. Eclipses of the second type affect only planets or natural satellites that are not self - luminous.In this case, the eclipsing body intervenes between the sun and the eclips ed object. The other celestial body remains in view of the observer, but its illumination by the sun is interrupted, and it becomes darkened by entering into the shadow of the eclipsing object. Examples of this kind of eclipse phenomenon are eclipses of the Moon (This is known as a lunar eclipse). A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon travels through the shadow of the Earth and loses its bright illumination by the Sun. It can occur only at the time of the full Moon (For example, when the Moon is directly opposite the Sun), because the Earths shadow is directed away from the Sun. A lunar eclipse can be seen from any place on the Earth where the Moon is above the horizon. Such an eclipse can be total or partial, depending on the Moons position. If the Moon passes through the center of the Earths umbra, a total lunar eclipse occurs. Totality may extend up to one hundred minutes, with the entire elapse lasting about three and a half hours. Solar and lunar eclipses have long beenShow More Related Analysis of Human Perception Essays1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes down to our understanding of the world it is ultimately the result of our sensual means of perception. In other terms, can we really trust the truth, or anything that we know of scientifically? What does it mean to know something is true and also why it is important to distinguish between what you know and do not or cannot know? It is very difficult to be able to believe everything you hear, unless you experience it for yourself. Let?s say the perception is likeRead MoreA Report On The Day Of Soul Survivor859 Words   |  4 Pagesyou could fling a ketchup sachet at. All this said, the ol’ theology student in me still twinges a little bit during these trips. 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Instead we should be critical of the process and the link between explanation and prediction. Understanding that it is possible to predict new knowledge without explanation. At the heart of this question lies the ambiguous nature of both explanation and prediction in their definition. Explanation in the simplest form; is a response to the question whyRead MoreAncient Greek Astronomy Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesThales, supposedly the first of the philosophers. Various inventions and discoveries are attributed to him, most famous of which is his prediction of an eclipse of 585 BCE. Modern scholars are fairly sure he was able to do this by consulting known Babylonian eclipse and lunar observations going back about 150 years, long enough to notice that eclipses recur after about 18 years. His activities also seem to have included star-observations and trigonometry, which he is credited with having founded, butRead MoreThe Sun s Structure By Patrick Opene1344 Words   |  6 Pagesbetter understand how the sun is structured and how it operates. The current description reposes on simple considerations of its state of balance and on a general idea of astrop hysics about stars as shown on figure that best explain the fundamental understanding of our solar structure. This is the photosphere from the radiation that we receive on Earth. The sun sends us energy in the form of photons; when absorbed by specific substances and this energy is transformed into heat. The energy radiated by theRead MoreA Sample Assignment1159 Words   |  5 PagesExcellent Understanding and Hands on experience with Hadoop stacks Technology like Map Reduce, HDFS, Hive, Pig, Sqoop, Impala, Oozie, Scala and Spark. †¢ Extensive experience working with SQL, Core Java and Linux. †¢ Having experience on importing and exporting data from different systems like RDBMS to Hadoop file system using SQOOP. †¢ Using Hadoop ecosystem components for storage and processing data, exported data into Tableau and other BI Tool using ODBC connection. †¢ Good understanding on HadoopRead MoreUnderstanding Black Holes Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing found and discovered every day, there is one object that stands to elude scientists still, the black hole. Albert Einstein, and all the brilliant scientists after his, help to design and create a part of the universe that’s very crucial to understanding existence. The perimeters of a black hole have been a great this that has been discussed and observed to the point where it eventually becomes clear as its compared to objects around or like it. The physics of the black holes existence is stillRead MoreThe Invention Of The Engineer s Standpoint1053 Words   |  5 PagesWestern Air Express, and the first airport was called the La Guardia Airport in Queens, New York. Besides, Interjet became the first American Airline into supporting the electric taxiing system by Honeywell, and Safran have signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Mexican airline Interjet, so they can support the advancement of the EGTS taxiing system. Since, this supports using technology on the airplanes for the use of the taxiway and runway, which brings both fuel savings and emissions reductions

Legal Professional Issues in Nursing for Healthcare- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLegal Professional Issues in Nursing for Healthcare. Answer: Nursing Workload Nurse workload has been associated with the volume of the nurses' work. Attempts have been also made to quantify the work of nurses relatively to health human resource management. Studies indicate that there is a shortage of nurse globally and as a result, the healthcare provision is widely affected. Nurse workload typically arise when the ration of work or service demanded is more than the number of staff offering thus making the nurses to increasingly play versatile roles to meet the increasing demands (Alghamdi, 2016) The nurses workload also can be caused by inadequate supply of nurses, reduced staffing overtime and the reduction in the length of stay of the patient. Poor technology with healthcare facilities also forms key factor in nurse workload. It is an indication that nurses in the majority of the healthcare facilities perform lots of work beyond the established standards. Due to increasing number of population, the ration of nurses to that of patients is worrying. However, the hard economic conditions have made many health facilities to reduce the number of nurses being employed and increase the overtime (Carrara, et al., 2016). Increasing cost pressure made majorities of hospitals to reduce the length of stay of patients in hospitals. This means that it is only the sicker patients that are cared, therefore their work is much intensive and need lots of time. Significance of Nursing Workload to Nursing Profession The nursing workload is a big issue in nursing profession because it curtails set standards of nursing practice in Australia. It does not give chance to the nurses to perform their duty well and eventually falling into legal constraints (Pearson et al., 2006). The nurse workload has ruined reputation of many healthcare facilities due to its outcome. Many types of research have indicated that heavy workload among nurse leads to job dissatisfaction of more than 20% of the nurses in the country. The move would lead to low morale, turnover, poor performance, absenteeism and eventually risking the quality of patient care and effectiveness of the organization. High nurse workload is one of the key job stress creator in the majority of healthcare facilities. It can result in emotional exhaustion, anger and cynicism, and burnout (Hayes et al., 2015). Nurses who are experiencing these issues may not in full capacity to perform efficiently and effectively due to the fact that their cognitive and physical resources could have reduced thus affecting the safety of the patient. Nursing workload do not only affects individual nurses. It can also have effects on other nurses and other medics. It reduces the time which nurses have to assist other nurses. Due to inadequate time to help each other, it may result in inadequate training or supervision of new nurses under training. Furthermore, the nurse workload has brought in delays in patients admissions. Lots of work make them slow in taking details of the patients and may delay those who are in the waiting bay (Blay et al., 2017). Long queues make the hospital inefficient and some patients with serious conditions have in the past died under such circumstances. Studies have further indicated that nurses are facing threat of violence within their work station due to lots of workload. Majority of the questioned nurses indicated that they have turned violent more than once in a period of one month. It is a fact that nurses are psychologically disturbed hence they are at risk of turning violent. Generally, the nurse workload in NSW has slowed provision of healthcare. Due to lots of works on nurses, health care facilities faces lots of long queue of patients. 34% of the patients in NSW indicated that they were not satisfied with health care provisions within the state (Henderson, et al., 2016). Patients dissatis faction has affected nursing profession because the errors and deaths linked ton nurses failures have made profession to lose its meaning among people. The nursing profession has been put into spotlight for many years for issues brought by nurse workload. Different organizations have raised lots of concerns and nurses currently work under lots of pressure. The move would further frustrate the nurses and more injuries would be expected. The new nurses under training have not been getting enough time to learn what they are taught in classes rather they are overworked thus making them to get discouraged in the line of duty (Hendersonet al., 2016).The move would slowly kill nursing profession because they would be no more people willing to pursue nursing profession. Impacts on Patients Safety The nursing workload has got lots of impacts on patients safety. First and for most, when nurses are overworked, they are not in good position to offer good services to the patients. The outcomes of the patient are greatly affected by the workload of the nurse (Henderson, et al., 2016). If there is lots of work needed to be done by few nurses in the healthcare facility, there are high chances that patients would not get enough attention as required. Those who need to deliver would face lots of complications because the service providers are not there to assist them. Furthermore, the patients in wards would be at high risk of complications. Studies done have indicated that nursing workload contributed to 30 percent of patients falls in bed (Ross et al., 2018). This is as a result of poor inadequate care provided to those particular patients. Workload in nursing profession has further contributed to lots of medical errors. When a nurse works for over 8 hours, his or her mind would be c ompletely tired to perform easy tasks. At this instant, the nurse would not be in a position to remember well thus can confuse patients resulting in wrong medication. Additionally, overworked nurses can get asleep while attending critical emergencies thus compromising the safety of the patient. The heavy nursing workload is linked to suboptimal patient care which can result in reduced patient satisfaction. Studies from the agency for healthcare research and quality indicated that there is a significant linked between nurse workload and high rates of infection in the hospitals for instance, 2.6% of the infections in NSW hospitals were as a linked of nurse workload (Twigg and Duffield, 2009) Nursing workload implicates the time which the nurse can set to different tasks. When nurses are under workload, they may not have enough time to do tasks which can have a direct impact on the safety of the patient. However, the heavy workload can influence the care provider to perform several procedures. Additionally, heavy workload can reduce the time spent by nurses communicating to physicians thus work eventually affect the quality of nurse-physician collaboration. Furthermore, the heavy workload can result in poor communication between nurses and the patients thus resulting in reduced quality of health care provided. It is also evident that nurses have not been having enough time to meet the family members of the patients (Ross et al., 2018). The move has reduced the quality of the health care provided because it prevent them from knowing what the patient would need at home. In this regard, the patient would not receive care as expected. However, there is fear that majority of the nurses in NSW have been giving patients wrong drugs when under lots of work. Studies conducted indicates that 1 of 10 patients have reported to have been issued with wrong drugs by nurses in wards (Henderson, et al., 2016). The move has put lots of questions on how nurses have been contributing to death s and poor medications. It is an indication that patients are not guaranteed of their safety. Workload management Strategies Nurse workload is an unhealthy task which put the lives of nurses and patients at risk. There exist diverse strategies which can be used to minimize the impact caused by nurse workload in healthcare facilities. First and for most, the NSW healthcare facilities should consider hiring enough nurses (Davidson and Everett, 2015). This is one of the ways to ensure that patients are given full attention while in hospital. Enough staff is of great importance because nurse-patient communication would be enhanced thus facilitation healing process to be faster. Well-staffed health care facility would ensure a good relationship between nurses themselves and also other medical practitioners. The role of the nurses should be clearly specified. They should not be carrying trays and food to the patients. The management should consider staffing social workers to assist them in delivering such services to avoid workload. There would be smooth workflow which results in quality health care provisions w ithin the hospital. Not all hospitals in Australia have got fewer nurses compared to a number of patients. Patients transfer is one of the strategies which can be used to reduce the workload of the patient within the hospital facility. It is widely used in Australia and it ensures that a patient is transferred to the facility which would be in good position to be offered quality care (Mcmillan et al., 2016). The hospital facilities should reduce the length of stay within the hospital. The move would ensure that number of nurses within that particular facility would meet the services of the patients admitted. Additionally, health care facilities should ensure that they only admit patients who meet the ratio of nurses within the facility to avoid much workload. In regards to this idea, the use of e-health should be employed by the management of the hospital to facilitate the work of the nurses. It works lessen work and facilitates patient discharge in order to pave room for the new patients. According to Australia midwife board, the nurse should ensure nursing ethics prevail of which failure would lead to deregistration. In this regards, nurses should avoid working for extra hours which exceed the stipulated time. According to Australian Nursing Federation, an average nurse should work for 32.8hours per week. The hospital management should ensure that no nurse is allowed to work for more than such hours per week. The move would make sure that nurses are not overworked thus saving them from undergoing stress, burnout and psychological torture (Brunetto et al., 2016). On this note, it is very crucial for the nurse leadership to make sure that each and every nurse is scheduled for a leave in a year. The idea would assist them to get refresh and get relaxed and gain energy to perform the task. On the other hand, training them on the importance of working within specified time and overload is crucial because it would impact them with a better understanding of why they should be overload. Medical errors are the key killer of patients within hospitals in Australia. One of the contributors of this situation is fatigue and lack of concentration by the nurses. Nurse leadership should put in place measures to ensure that nurse who is handling patients undergoing certain surgical procedures are evaluated before the task, it is one of the ways to affirm that they are fit and they have put in place the correct measures for the operation. Reference list Alghamdi, M.G., 2016. Nursing workload: A concept analysis.Journal of nursing management,24(4), pp.449-457. Blay, N., Roche, M., Duffield, C. and Gallagher, R., 2017. Intra?hospital transfers and the Impact on Nursing Workload.Journal of clinical nursing. Brunetto, Y., Xerri, M., Trinchero, E., Farr-Wharton, R., Shacklock, K. and Borgonovi, E., 2016. Public-Private Sector Comparisons of Nurses' Work Harassment Using Set: Italy and Australia. Public Management Review,18(10), pp.1479-1503. Carrara, F.S.A., Zanei, S.S.V., Cremasco, M.F. and Whitaker, I.Y., 2016. Outcomes and nursing workload related to obese patients in the intensive care unit.Intensive and Critical Care Nursing,35, pp.45-51. Davidson, P. and Everett, B., 2015. Managing approaches to nursing care delivery.Transitions in nursing: preparing for professional practice. Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia: Elsevier Health Sciences, pp.125-142. Duffield, C., Diers, D., O'Brien-Pallas, L., Aisbett, C., Roche, M., King, M. and Aisbett, K., 2011. Nursing staffing, nursing workload, the work environment and patient outcomes.Applied nursing research,24(4), pp.244-255. Hayes, B., Douglas, C. and Bonner, A., 2015. Work environment, job satisfaction, stress and burnout among hemodialysis nurses. Journal of nursing management,23(5), pp.588-598. Henderson, J., Willis, E., Blackman, I., Toffoli, L. and Verrall, C., 2016. Causes of missed nursing care: qualitative responses to a survey of Australian nurses.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,26(4), pp.281-297. Mcmillan, K., Butow, P., Turner, J., Yates, P., White, K., Lambert, S., Stephens, M. and Lawsin, C., 2016. Burnout and the provision of psychosocial care amongst Australian cancer nurses.European Journal of Oncology Nursing,22, pp.37-45. Pearson, A., Pallas, L.O.B., Thomson, D., Doucette, E., Tucker, D., Wiechula, R., Long, L., Porritt, K. and Jordan, Z., 2006. Systematic review of evidence on the impact of nursing workload and staffing on establishing healthy work environments.International Journal of Evidence?Based Healthcare,4(4), pp.337-384. Ross, C., Rogers, C. and King, C., 2018. Safety culture and an invisible nursing workload.Collegian. Twigg, D. and Duffield, C., 2009. A review of workload measures: a context for a new staffing methodology in Western Australia.International Journal of Nursing Studies,46(1), pp.132-140.

Reward Management for Cavendish Hall Hotel - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theReward Management for Cavendish Hall Hotel. Answer: Introduction Rewards are given to the employees of any organization based upon the performances. These rewards should be aligned with the organizational goals. When an organization achieves its goal with contribution of an employee, the reward is given for achieving the goal of an organization (Shields et al., 2015). In the report a particular case study is given, in which the Cavendish Hall Hotel introduced an individual performance related pay scheme. The newly appointed personnel manager Daphne Jones will investigate and review the effectiveness of the scheme. The main purpose of the report is to evaluate critically the general understanding of the reward management principles, practices, policies and decision making in an organization in the context of the Cavendish Hall Hotel case study. The manager Daphne Jones will prepare this management report. The report will investigate on Individual Performance Related Pay (IPRP) scheme and the reason for its failure in the organization. The report will also analyze the advantages and disadvantages and the barriers of implementing the IPRP system. It will be concluded with summarizing all the relevant points. The report will recommend about an alternative forms of reward policy that can be implemented in the hotel. Performance Management System Individual Performance Related Pay (IPRP) The individual performance related pay is a standard-based system by which an employee is evaluated in an organization by his or her performance in that organization. It is related with increased payment to the employees or teams in organizations who are performed better in the organizational system. An employee is evaluated based on his work and that is applicable for setting the salaries of the employees. This is the part of reward strategic system management in business operation. Those employees who have helped in contributing the organizational success are considered in the individual performance related payment system. Therefore, it can be said that individual performance related pay is a process of managing and controlling the payment of an employee by relating his or her salary progression to the individual performance assessment, which are measured by pre-agreed goals or objectives of the organization (Shields et al., 2015). There are different schemes in performance related pay; however, its effectiveness in the organizational workflow remains a question. IPRP in Organizational Performance The individual performance related payment system could be helpful in improving the overall performance in an organization. As PRP is related with financial payment, it could be helpful in cultural change and workflow in the organization. It could bring changes in the work culture and encourage the individual and thus organizational performances. It was started from United Kingdom and now it is accepted by many organizations all over the globe as a part of organizational reward strategies (Gerhart and Fang, 2014). It can be applied as motivational strategies to encourage the workers in an organization. In this strategy, money is used as a potentially powerful system of incentives that would influence the effort that an employee put in the organizational workflow. It can be helpful in creating appropriate behavior as money works itself as a goal as believed by some theorists. It is valuable to the employees, which works as an external status symbol and internal recognition for them. H owever, some critics believe that the system of individual performance related pay create discrimination among employees and act as anti motivational tool as few employees are high performers in comparison to total number of employees. This system even undermines the equity in an organization. Theory and Research The theories and research works are based on the relationship between behavior and pay and the measure of satisfaction in the organization and employees. The most common theory related to individual performance related pay is Expectancy Theory. The recent literature has termed this type of framework as the Performance Management (PM), which is also discussed. Expectancy Theory Expectancy Theory is primarily explained by Vroom in 1964. The theory is based on the presumption that workers would be motivated in work when they would expect that they would achieve the organizations requirements and this effort would be rewarded in form of money or incentives (Parijat and Bagga, 2014). However, the presumption is based on hypothesis that the workers are the rational being and they know what they have to perform to achieve the rewards. In expectancy theory, the motivational force depends upon three variables, which are expectancy, which is the expectation that an employees effort would result in his or her performances, instrumentality, which based on the reward instrument in accordance with ones performance and valance, which is the perceived value to the recipient regarding the rewards. Performance Management The performance management is related to improve and promote effective of thee employees. It is collaborative and continuous process from part of the employees and managers to plan control and view an employees objectives of the work and his or her overall contribution to fulfill those objectives. However, most of the current literatures put a caution to implement IPRP system in isolation. it needs to apply with supporting infrastructure. It should be treated as an integral part of the wider management strategy that encompasses objectives of the organization and individual contribution within the workflow of the organization. As stated in recent literature, the IPRP should be considered in broader structure of Performance Management system (Buckingham and Goodall, 2015). Suitability of IPRP to Hotel Business The suitability of IPRP to hotel business would be described based on the case study. In Cavendish Hall Hotel, the IPRP system is active. It has been started three years ago. The new manager Daphne Jones reviewed opinions of the staffs. It is noticed that the staffs are happy with the reward system and 38% of the total staffs agreed with fair reward system compare to other people in similar job structure. However, the sense of personal accomplishment from the work is below 35%. It could be said from this data that the employees do not work for personal accomplishment, thus, the sense of satisfaction from the work only is less. However, as the people in the hotel are happy with the new scheme, it is suitable from their perspective, though the hotel is suffering from poor level of customer service. Thus, it could be said that the overall implementation of the IPRP scheme I not successful as it could not improve the business service of the hotel. Advantages of IPRP System The advantages of the IPRP are based on theory of motivation. It could be beneficial as it has capacity to influence the individuals performances. However, this advantages are discussed by the motivational theorists. For example, the goal-setting and expectancy theorists give importance to cognition thought procedure, which is the decision people would take based on how far they want to participate in the workforce (Lichtenberg, Lachmann and Fosshage, 2016). The goal theorists stated that the anticipated outcomes or goals could be used as influential and motivation tool. However, these theories imply that there is no need to perform a financial reward system; rather, the management needs to set a goal, which would work as motivational tool for the employees. However, the IPRP system could be helpful for implementing the individual performances in a way that some objectives should set for obtaining an increment. Money has its own power to motivate people as workers work for gaining money. Thus, in this system of monitory reward, goals need to be set (Bach, 2012). Disadvantages of IPRP System There are many disadvantages of the IPRP system within an organization. The implementation of the IPRP system itself could be a disadvantage as the process is depended on the quality of the judgment considered by the managers of the organization. It minimizes the pay equity and this could itself be posing as challenges to implement the IPRP system (Kim and Hong, 2013). It could affect the organization as the focus shifts from developmental need to the financial reward as happened in the Cavendish Hall Hotel case. The employees could be de-motivated if the goals are so hard that they cannot achieve. The company should be prepared beforehand in investing lot of money and time to implement the IPRP; otherwise, it could become a disadvantage. From employees point of view, the achievement of IPRP needs to be laborious, as it requires wider knowledge internal and external knowledge about the companys environment (Frey, Homberg and Osterloh, 2013). The other disadvantages include clear and understandable reward system for all the employees and the effective objective criteria. Barriers to the Effect of IPRP System The main barriers to the implementation of the IPRP system could be related with two main criteria. One is lack of employees support and other one is erosion of fairness and trust. Most of the employees in an organization are average or middle range performer. It could be stated that the 10% employees are top performers and 5% are the poor performers. Thus, the total 85% of the employees are the average performers (Cohen et al., 2013). For the average performer, the IPRP system has no value. Thus, they are less supportive to implement the IPRP system, as it could be disadvantages for them and could generate poor level competitiveness and de-motivation among the employees. As the IPRP system is based on the managers judgmental skills, they need to build trust and fairness in the evaluation process among the employees. Otherwise, the system itself could become a chaos within the structure of the organization and among the employees. The management of the organization should set a parameter to provide the IPRP system and it should be discussed with the employees (Cho and Lee, 2012). The parameter should be followed strictly from both the employees and managers and both of the party should have relied on the parameter. The employees should know on what basis they are getting performance related pay. Barriers to the Implementation of the IPRP System The barriers include attribution errors and lack of training to the managers. The attribution errors are part of the management system that the managers evaluate employees in comparison to other employees performances (Swift et al., 2013). However, the evaluation should base on the standards set by the organization. It diminishes the enthusiasm of the employees to perform better. The managers should be trained effectively to implement the PRP schemes with the workflow of the organization. They need to be trained on how to deal with PRP communication with successful and unsuccessful ones (De Waal, 2013). The managers should communicate the reasons for not paying the PRP. Recommendations It could be recommended that an alternative reward scheme could be employed in the hotel that would be used to complement or replace the IPRP system. The hotel management could employ career planning or succession planning and awards as an alternative reward tools other than the money. These alternative systems would minimize the risks of the monitory payment. It could be effective in a way that it replaces the PRP system with Total Reward commented by Shields et al. (2015). It encompasses everything related to employment and it takes into employees development, flexible benefits, work life balance, flexible working hours, career opportunities and recognition. In this reward strategy, an employee could flourish in well manner. However, the management and the employees should be involved in making the design of this reward strategy ensuring its success as it is the most complex process of strategy (Terera and Ngirande, 2014). Conclusion It can be concluded by stating that the evaluation on the general understanding of the reward management principles, practices, policies and decision making in an organization in the context of the Cavendish Hall Hotel case study is done properly. The challenges and barriers have been discussed also. There is alternative reward system that could be implemented within the workflow of the hotel and it is recommended to the managers to consider this reward strategy. However, if the Performance Related Pay schemes are implemented properly it has capacity to work effectively within the organization. The managers and leaders should be alert about its barriers and challenges and should remove these before implementation. References Bach, S., 2012. Performance management.Managing Human Resources: Human Resource Management in Transition, pp.219-242. Buckingham, M. and Goodall, A., 2015. Reinventing performance management.Harvard Business Review,93(4), pp.40-50. Cho, Y.J. and Lee, J.W., 2012. Performance management and trust in supervisors.Review of Public Personnel Administration,32(3), pp.236-259. Cohen, R.I., Jaffrey, F., Bruno, J. and Baumann, M.H., 2013. Quality improvement and pay for performance: barriers to and strategies for success.CHEST Journal,143(6), pp.1542-1547. De Waal, A., 2013.Strategic Performance Management: A managerial and behavioral approach. Palgrave Macmillan. Frey, B.S., Homberg, F. and Osterloh, M., 2013. Organizational control systems and pay-for-performance in the public service.Organization Studies,34(7), pp.949-972. Gerhart, B. and Fang, M., 2014. Pay for (individual) performance: Issues, claims, evidence and the role of sorting effects.Human Resource Management Review,24(1), pp.41-52. Kim, P.S. and Hong, K.P., 2013. Major constraints and possible solutions for performance management in Korea.Public Management Review,15(8), pp.1137-1153. Lichtenberg, J.D., Lachmann, F.M. and Fosshage, J.L., 2016.Self and motivational systems: Towards a theory of psychoanalytic technique(Vol. 13). Routledge. Parijat, P. and Bagga, S., 2014. Victor Vrooms expectancy theory of motivationAn evaluation.International Research Journal of Business and Management (IRJBM),7(9), pp.1-8. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., O'Leary, P., Robinson, J. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., O'Leary, P., Robinson, J. and Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Swift, S.A., Moore, D.A., Sharek, Z.S. and Gino, F., 2013. Inflated applicants: Attribution errors in performance evaluation by professionals.PloS one,8(7), p.e69258. Terera, S.R. and Ngirande, H., 2014. The impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,5(1), p.481.

Way of Life Essay Example For Students

Way of Life Essay Life is a perpetual struggle for existence, which meets its end in what we call DEATH. Since man is destined to be surrounded by problems it is mandatory that he love himself the most for it is this love for the inner self that acts as an inexhaustible potion to keep the spirit of fighting alive. So I feel that all mans actions are driven by the self-love. Man always tries to pacify any turmoil within some way or the other. Therefore the different shades of a mans character are nothing but the self-love manifest. If I know my weaknesses and I am able to correct them then I am a true human being. This is so because I have total control over my heart, mind and body as well. Actually the mind and the heart are the two centers of power in our body. Whatever we do, whatever we think is all controlled by these two elements. It needs a hell lot of practice and perseverance to become the self-master. And when you are done, your mind and heart will work in such synchronism and harmony that you are bound to take the best decision. We will write a custom essay on Way of Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I always stress over the fact that the heart has an upper hand in our lives. So basically the idea is to pull down the energy level of the heart and raise the energy level of the mind in order to obtain a sound balance. Stop thinking about others. Open your heart. Close your eyes. Stretch your hands forward and while moving them away take a deep breath and say to yourself that you are free, you are open. You are open to changes. Life is too small to be shackled by ropes of stringent principles. The past is past for good. There is nothing in the entire world more important than you and your desires. Since God is the ultimate abode of every living creature, and taking into account His fickle nature, the best idea is to just consistently keep doing your work. If He is the real benefactor, and you believe in Him, and youve been damn serious in your ventures, you shall be benefited. It is highly essential to note here that miracles generally do not occur and Lady Luck is very lazy and clu msy. This is a bitter truth. Joy is momentary. Greater part of our lives we spend in dejection. Little things make us unhappy. This shouldnt be. Are we the masterpieces of His creation so weak? He has bestowed upon us the choicest qualities of the heart, mind and body. Any venture undertaken would bring hopes, hope may bring failure and failure brings dejection. So why not throw the damn hope out? Believe me its often possible if not always.

Flags Of Our Fathers essays

Flags Of Our Fathers essays This book was about the histories and achievements of the six men who raised the American Flag over Iwo Jima in WWII. Their names were John Bradley, Franklin Sousley, Harlon Block, Ira Hayes, Rene Gagnon and Mike Strank. It is written by the son of John Bradley, the only flag raiser to live on a normal life after the war. There are three historical significances in this book and they are, for one, that there were 80,000 Americans and 20,000 Japanese on Iwo Jima. Secondly was the tactics of the Japanese in WWII. And thirdly, of how the attack on Pearl Harbor had mobilized America. The fact that there were 80 thousand Americans and 20 thousand Japanese in the battle of Iwo Jima gives the impression that it was an easy battle, with such overwhelming odds. But the Japanese were heavily entrenched and the Navy refused to help the marines attacking. 2 out of every 3 marines died in the conflict. An example of the carnage in the book was when a soldier found his friend in the battle and greeted him, only to later notice that his friend was dead, blown in half. When fighting the Germans, such people as medics or "corpsmen" were overlooked because they held status as non-combatants. The medics would wear red crosses on their helmets in order for the Germans to know who not to shoot...but while fighting Japanese they tried to keep as low profile as possible. This is because the Japanese would aim for the medics, because they thought that the more medics dead, the more soldiers would lie bleeding to death in the sand. And with prisoners of war, the Japanese were ruthless in their torture. The book gave a statistic of POW death rates, and Germany had one of 1.1%...Japans was 37%. Much like the attack on the world trade centers today, a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor mobilized the American Population. Enlistment was high, and even fifteen year olds would fake their ages in order to join the Marines. People would drive their cars...

Nursing Process Theory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Process Theory - Case Study Example Hampe (1975) used her theory to talk about grieving families in a hospital setting. This paper will analyze the theory and try to understand what it means in the context of community health nursing. Orlando developed her theory in the 1950's. It was published the first time in her book, The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship. Her theory was one of the first actually published on nursing process. She later continued her concepts in her second book, The Discipline and Teaching of the Nursing Process. Her original motivation for the work was to discover what the purpose of nursing was. To accomplish that she looked at nurse patient interactions both in the chart and during actual care episodes to determine what the outcomes of those actions were (Faust, 2002). These observations helped her formulate the basic thoughts behind her theory which are that the nurse has the role to discover and meet the patient's immediate needs. The most basic concept is "the nursing process describes the nurse's reactions to patient's behavior as generating a perception, thought and feeling in the nurse and then action by the nurse" (Sheldon & Ellington, 2008, pg1). This theory seems so well designed for nursing. It was when it was written and it seems it would be now. Many researchers as we have noted, have studied it and used it to build their own theory. However, there is nothing in the literature that indicates that the theory has ever been transformed into an actual nursing process. In 1961 Orlando wrote, "the purpose of nursing is to supply the help a patient requires in order for his needs to be met"(Orlando, 1961, pg 8). When you break it down as a nursing process, it becomes behavior of the patient, reaction of the nurse, and nursing action used to benefit the need of the patient. This writer believes that she is still right, that is what nursing is. At the same time, we must realize that Ida Jean Orlando came from a period in which education was only for those who had money and that included nursing education. This made their paradigms meet the needs of education more than the needs of the bedside nurse. She also used retroductive reasoning because she applied what she observed to what she already suspected (McEwen & Wills, 2007). Today it is still evident in some ways as we note that her theories are used more often by education than nursing itself. Her theory is noted among the Grand Theories considering her background and education as well as the time in which she worked. It also does not seem to meet all of the four nursing paradigms (Chinn & Kramer, 2008). She was quite explicit about individuals and nursing but she very briefly mentioned health as a state of well being and considered the environment only in the sense of now. Earlier it was noted that many nursing researchers of today study Orlando's nursing theory and it's applicability to specific types of nursing. The patient in the community may be in great distress and it may not be seen by anyone but the community health nurse. Orlando says that distress comes from unmet needs. Patient behavior needs to be assessed when it occurs. Any behavior may mean a plea for help. The relief of this stress depends on the caring nurse who is willing to participate in the solution of the need. The Community Health Nurse is confronted with this daily and responds

HR Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

HR - Assignment Example A work life Program is a critical element of the total rewards of an organization in its effort to retain, motivate and attract employees. Recently, the organization has been losing employees due to inadequate planning regarding their employees benefits. High employee turnaround may reduce the performance of an organization by increasing reducing quality as well as increasing training costs. A work life projects training is aimed at training employees need to balance between healthy management of work life and life outside work. Essentially, it is considerably challenging to meet the entirely the requirements at work as well as at workplace. Therefore, employees require an initiative or a process that guide them to ensure that they remain healthy and safe (Harris 34). The training project can be categorized into various categories including when an individual works, how much one works, where one works. The program is expected to empower employees with the necessary skills to balance the objectives of the organization with that of employees. Sometimes it is very challenging to balance the balance the goals of an organization. One of the main purposes of an organization is to maximize profit. Sometimes, some employers find it challenging to incur additional expenditures that are not directly related to the organization’s operational costs (Harris 34). The point of this training is to provide employees as well as potential employees with skills on how they can provide initiatives to the employees that will help them remain productive in their workplaces as well as in their personal life. In addition, the program will help employees effectively manage their time, health and safety to ensure that neither their work performance nor their home performance will be compromised. At the end of the training, learners are expected to

Organizations are Beyond Budgets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organizations are Beyond Budgets - Assignment Example A survey of European enterprises conducted by Boeson (2000) showed managers agreeing that their planning and budgeting processes were inefficient and ineffective in controlling financial resources. Several respondents believed the budgeting process resulted to small benefits relative to the large amounts of resources at their disposal. This led to firms changing the budgeting process or abandoning it all together. Controllers think of new ideas such as balanced scorecards, operational performance measurement, and investment risk portfolios and so forth. These aspects make the budgetary processes complex and make business management a complex process. This complexity is evident in the fixed, costly, detailed, and unnecessary annual budgets of organizations. The changing business environment created by computers and standardized software has a lot of information that makes managers overburdened with the business processes. According to Cokins (2001) current managers are less informed a bout the company’s operations than managers operating 30 years ago. The beyond budgeting concept has been introduced in several organizations as a replacement for the traditional budget-making process. One significant contributor to this shift is the transition in the internal processes that have shifted from the seller’s market in the industrial period to the buyer’s market of the high-tech age (Welch and Byrne, 2003). Organizational processes involving purchase, production, and sales involving division of labor in the industrial age have shifted to processing chains that link supplies to customers. The linear relationships between input and output have led to dynamic customer-oriented business combinations facilitated by technological inventions. This has limited the applicability of traditional budgets in the high-tech age since they are products of the industrial society. Post-industrial business managers require controlling instruments that are flexible so as to compete in the dynamic business environment. The concept of Beyond Budgeting focuses on greater flexibility in the transition of transitional management model of production and sales to a model of market preview and production. The new model of management is based on customer demand. Self-optimization in the new financial management model is attainable by decentralizing responsibility and decision making to empowered and motivated employees. The budgeting process was based on a hierarchical management system that relied on decisions from top management levels. In this regard, executives used the budget as a foundation for outmoded and fixed performance in the organization (Boeson, 2002). The performance of an organization was gauged by budgetary allocations and stipulations achieved within a specified time. This made managers and employees do anything to reach budget goals (Jensen, 2001).

The Specialist And Inbound Tour Operators

The Specialist And Inbound Tour Operators Mass Market tour operators have dominated in the outbound market for years, with the rise of holidays abroad becoming more and more popular since the end of the Second World War. Thomas Cook, Thomson and First Choice are examples of mass market tour operators. Thomson and First Choice belong to TUI, these are known as mass market tour operators as they sell/sold holidays that appealed to the majority of holiday makers. Some of the larger mass market tour operators have diversified in now offering more specialised products such as safari and skiing. TUI (www.tui-group.com/en/company/sectors/tuitravel) TUI AG is the largest travel group in the world; Thomson belongs to TUI and is a travel agency as well as having its own airline. First Choice is another travel agent that has its own airline, which belongs to TUI. TUI travel was formed in 2007, with the merger of TUI; their existing distribution, tour operators, air-lines and destination groups; with First Choice Holidays Plc. TUI AG is separated into three sectors: TUI Travel TUI Hotels Resorts TUI Cruises TUI also has a shipping container department. TUI travel is the majority shareholder of the company and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. They operate in 180 countries worldwide, making TUI the leading tour operator within Europe; to become this they provide a wide and varied service for over 30million customers. TUI is a British based company, with their head office in Crawley, West Sussex, not too far from Gatwick Airport; one of the UKs busiest international airports. TUI has over 200 different brands to over, over 140 aircraft and 3,500 retail shops across Europe, employing approximately 50,000 employees. TUI is separated in too four sectors of business, covering all 200 plus brands, these are: Mainstream Specialist Activity Accommodation and Destinations The mainstream sector is the largest of the four sectors in size, operating profit and the number of employees. The 3,500 retail outlets through-out Europe, providing over 25million customers per year, with package, self-package, sun and beach holidays. This sector operates over 140 aircraft to a wide variety of destination through-out the year, incorporating a large number of high street retail stores. The Specialist and Emerging Markets sector includes 40 specialist tour operator companies, providing and selling tour destinations to a smaller demographic, this sector is becoming more popular as people are starting to spread away from the usual package beach holiday. Specialist travel and emerging markets are places such as tours in North America, Europe and further afield such as China and Russia, the emerging markets that have not been popular in the past due to inaccessibility. This sector also provides escorted tours to the Galapagos, around-the-world trips and student gap years to Australia for example. The Activity sector is designed in providing customers that are seeking adventure or active holidays unique tours or packages to suit them. These specialised tour operators operate in the marine, adventure, ski, student and sporting segments, for example hiking in Kilimanjaro, polar expeditions, skiing in Canada and chartering yachts in the Caribbean. The Accommodation and Destination sector provides on and offline accommodation and destination services worldwide; selling accommodation directly to the customers through online hotel booking sites, such as Laterooms.com; Hotelpedia.com and Asiarooms.com. It also provides accommodation, transfers, excursions and a destination agencies portfolio to tour operators, travel agents, cruise lines and other corporate customers. Thomas Cook is another example of a mass market tour operator. As with TUI, Thomas Cook has travel agencies, airlines, hotels and tour operator; Club 18-30. In 2007, Thomas Cook merged with MyTravel; this was to cut costs; a predicted  £75million per year saving; and to combat competition from the low-cost airlines and web-based travel agents, that are on the rise in where customers are buying their holidays from. All tour operators that offer air inclusive packages are required by law to have an Air Travel Organisers Licence (ATOL). This protects customers from losing their money and/or being stranded abroad if something was to happen to the flights. ATOL is managed by the Civil Aviation Authority (www.caa.co.uk) Specialist Tour Operators Specialist tour operators cater for niche market holidays, they specialise in particular destinations and/or in a particular product. For example Journey Latin America specialises in the particular destination of Latin America (www.journeylatinamerica.co.uk) and Active Diving specialise in Scuba Diving holidays around the world (www.activediving.co.uk). Journey Latin America (www.journeylatinamerica.co.uk) specialises in holidays to Latin America; some of the destinations they include are: Antarctica Argentina Belize Chile Cuba Caribbean El Salvador The Galapagos Islands The Falkland Islands Guyana Peru Mexico Nicaragua Venezuela They provide a wide variety of different types of holidays for a wide range of different markets. The types of holidays available are: Tailor-Made Tours Small Group Tours Value Active Beach Wildlife Expedition Honeymoon Responsible Family Learn to (learning a new skill) Cruise JourneyLatinAmerica markets to everyone, with holidays suitable for low-budgets to the higher budgets, family holidays to romantic honeymoons. Wildlife holidays with JourneyLatinAmerica offers the traveller a vast array of wildlife and birdlife to see, from giant tortoises to llamas to sloths and penguins, all depending which country has been chosen to go to, there is the added advantage of there being the largest rainforest, driest desert to the longest mountain range and biggest river within the territories of the holidays available. There is plently of advantages of travelling with a smaller, specialised tour operator, the service is more personal and the smaller operators tend to have more of a passion for the area they specialise in. Smaller operators are experts in their destination, enabling them to give first-hand advice and recommendations to the holiday maker. They also have more care towards to the places, the people and the environment and try to minimise the negative effects of the holiday. Inbound Tour Operators Not only is there tour operators for outbound tourists, either specialised or/and mass market; there is also many tour operators for inbound tourists, specialised and/or mass market. These tour operators specialise and cater for inbound tourists to the UK from many different countries. They provide tours and holidays in many different languages and for different budgets. One example of an inbound tour operator is British Tours. British Tours (www.britishtours.com) specialise in tours of Britain. They provide tours to all size groups, from private groups up to 7 persons by car with their own guide; to larger groups by mini-bus or coach, with own guide. All prices are per car not per person. Tours are available in most languages, at an extra cost; including French, German, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Japanese and Chinese. Tours are suited to individual travellers, families, people with special interest, people with special needs and anyone who wants the freedom to travel at their own pace with their guide to help and inform. The tours of Britain cover the main tourist attractions and sites; the more famous to the lesser known authentic tourist sites; all with guide that are local to the area with a vast knowledge and interest of the particular site. Some of these tours are Stonehenge at Dawn, Legal London, Harry Potter and Englands Gardens. British Tours offer private day tours leaving London as well as personally guided tours of Scotland, Wales and England, special interest tailor-made tours. They also provide European destination tours, such as Paris, Normandy Beaches by private plane and private bus tours of Rome and Italy. British tours work with 100s of travel agents worldwide, as well as many UK companies for sightseeing, ground-handling, interpreting and corporate entertainment within the UK. British Tours is a member of the London Tourist Board, the British Incoming Tour Operators Association, The Society of the Golden Keys and the American Society of Travel Agents. An example of a tour and costs with British Tours: Harry Potter Tour includes the locations where the Harry Potter films have been made, including London, Oxford and Gloucester. Oxford and Gloucester tour only (not including the London sights) for up to 7 people taking roughly 10 hours to complete would cost  £655 per car; price includes private car and guide, collection and return to hotel; anywhere in London; entrance and meals are not included in the price. These tours are also available in most languages.

Essay --

Benchmark #2 Essay Mrs. Burns and Ms. Roche (English 2 Period 4) Christopher Conza January 15, 2014 In this poem called â€Å"Creatures† by the author Billy Collins there are three examples of figurative language helps convey the meaning that the author Billy Collins is conveying. The three examples of figurative language that the author Billy Collins uses are a metaphor, enjambment, and imagery. These three examples of figurative language help illustrate Billy Collins† theme in this poem called â€Å"Creatures† that he is writing because these three examples of figurative language help emphasize the theme of the poem. These three examples help emphasize this poem called â€Å"Creatures† meaning because it makes the theme of this poem have a deeper meaning. The theme of the author Billy Collins poem called â€Å"Creatures† is that the reader has to imagine In this poem called â€Å"Creatures† by the author Billy Collins there is a literary device called a metaphor when the reader is reading this poem. A metaphor is a comparison of two unlike things without using the words like or as. In lines one (1) through...

Nursing Research article critique Effects of nursing rounds

The article Effects of nursing rounds on patients’ call light use, satisfaction and safety as reported by Meade, Bursell, & Ketelsen (2006) examines the possible implications that implementation of regular rounds by nurses might have on patients and nurses. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent to which the frequency of responding to call lights ‘affects patient-care management’ and the possible contribution that frequent nurse presence can make. The independent variables are scheduled one-hour or two-hour rounds as they affect the dependent variables of number and frequency of patient use of call button, patient satisfaction and the safety of patients.The research functions under the hypothesis that scheduled rounds by nursing staff, involving the performance of certain mundane tasks related to patient comfort and concerns, on medical, surgical or medical-surgical wards would have the effect of reducing the rate of use of call lights by patients, of increasing overall patient satisfaction and of improving the safety of patients. The relationship between the dependent and independent variables is thus expected to be positive. This hypothesis directly aligns with the specific purpose of the study.The literature reviewed in this study is quite comprehensive covering material from both classic and modern sources. Materials cited are from primary data sources and the majority fall within five years prior to the research. The concepts examined are rounding, patient satisfaction and call light usage. Table 1 provides a list of activities involved in rounding procedures. The literature review examines prior research exploring the variables under consideration such as the correlation between rounding and patient safety and between rounding and frequency of use of call light. The authors note, however, that specific research exploring the relationship of the nursing rounds on the aforementioned variables is lacking or inadequate. This r esearch presents new knowledge on the correlation between scheduled rounds by nurses only and improved care delivery.The theoretical framework that forms the basis of the research is that ‘improved patient-care management and patient satisfaction and safety are achievable with interventions that nurses can initiate and carry out.’ The research is of a quasi-experimental design which means that the researcher had little influence over the assignment of the hospital units into either of the experimental or control group.Hospitals opted to experiment with either a one-hour or a two-hour round in a medical, surgical or medical-surgical unit plus a control group in a separate unit over a four week period. Some administrators were asked to change a particular choice, however, so as to ensure equitable distribution across groups. Nurses in the experimental groups were trained on the procedures to follow during the rounds. The control group received no intervention but was brie fed on how to record the use of call lights by patients.The sample consists of 46 units in 22 hospitals across 14 states and representing both urban and rural populations. To be eligible hospitals were required to have medical, surgical or medical-surgical units, less than 5% external agency employees and nurse managers capable of overseeing the research. There is no evidence of randomization. Informed consent was through hospital administrators. The sample size is quite small given that there were only about 16 units per subgroup or a little over one per state. The sample size is not thus reasonable or equitable.Call light logs were used to record the room and time as well as to specify which of 26 given reasons, were responsible for patient calls. Patient satisfaction data was obtained from hospital administered surveys and questionnaires. Patient safety was recorded as the number of falls. Where reliability and validity of data was questionable they were not included in the analy sis.Data collection strategies were clearly described except for the questionnaire which the researchers had no control over. Data analysis procedures which include the use of means and t-test comparisons of the times that call lights were used among the groups. Ranking and classification were used to determine the seriousness of the calls made and the most frequent reasons. Paired t tests were used to analyze number of patient falls to determine patient safety.Results reveal that frequent rounds improve patient care as supported by the data showing one-hour rounds having a more significant impact on the other variables. The researchers believe that the findings are ‘generalizable to the majority of U.S. hospitals. This view is questionable given the numerous limitations of the research. Further research into the possible correlation of these variables in different hospital settings, across different units, among diverse populations is necessary. A more longitudinal survey wou ld best reveal generalizability.The sample size of the research was quite small. There was a lack of randomization so hospitals seemed to have chosen the experimental method that was more appealing to them. Researchers had little control over some of the instruments and thus were unable to ensure their reliability or validity. There were also no adequate procedures put in place to ensure nurse compliance in performing rounds and completing logs. Additionally staff may have been rotated between groups and thus brought practices from one into the other.The findings of this research, though not completely generalizable, have significant implications for nursing practice and general health care administration. If further research into the correlation between regular rounds and improved patient safety and satisfaction corresponds to the present findings then administrators will need to consider reorganizing their nursing schedules.The benefits to be gained from having nurses perform rout ine rounds seem to be positive and therefore the implementation of this method could become a mainstay of health institutions. Of course the research suggests that nurses do not have to complete these rounds, that other personnel could be utilized in accomplishing this. However, where constraints of resources are limited, having nurses complete regular rounds could be a very economical option.Meade, Bursell, & Ketelsen (2006) suggest that the consequent impact of these rounds on overall patient satisfaction and safety could have a corresponding positive effect on the number of lawsuits filed against hospitals for negligent practices. More routine monitoring of patients implies that nurses are able to check both serious and non serious matters before they escalate. Particularly with one-hour rotations serious relapses in patients’ health while they are unsupervised would be avoided. It is in the rare case where patients experiencing difficulties are unable to get medical assis tance in a reasonable amount of time. Discomfort could therefore be estimated during these routine visits.This could be a solution administrators use to address nursing shortages, ensuring that patients are adequately monitored. Long-term scheduling of rounds could be done in little time bearing in mind staff allocations. Where necessary other staff may be utilized even alternating rounds with nurses so that the patient is visited by a nurse every two hours.Further nurses would be held more accountable for the patients in their care. Administrators contemplating this method could also consider using logs to record the time of patient visits and the state of the patient during these visits and requiring that nurses complete these logs. Though this suggests more time demands it will mean patients calling on the nurses unnecessarily out of the scheduled round times and nurses having more time in between to attend to critical matters such as patient education. Nursing schools will also have to consider including additional training on round procedures. ReferencesMeade, C. M., Bursell, A. L., & Ketelsen, L. (2006, Sept). Effects of nursing rounds on patients’ call light use, satisfaction and safety. American Journal of Nursing, 106(9), 58-70.

Is Dentistry the Field for You

Is Dentistry the Field for You The career experts at CareerIgniter have a round-up of everything you need to know! Firstly, what is it?  Dentistry is a medical subspecialty that encompasses oral health. Oral health consists of the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of decay and diseases of the oral cavity, and adjacent tissues and structures of the jaw and face.There are nine specialties within dentistry (median salaries in parentheses):General Dentistry ($149,310)Dental Public HealthEndodonticsOral and Maxillofacial PathologyOral and Maxillofacial Surgery ($187,200)Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics ($187,200)Pediatric Dentistry (Pedodontics)PeriodonticsProsthodontics ($169, 130)Dentists need to have an interest in oral health, excellent patient socialization skills, and a tolerance for the up-close-and-personal nature of exams and performing dental work. Other skills include:Good manual dexterityPhysical staminaKnowledgeable in fieldExcellent communication skillsProblem solving abilitiesPatience ReassuringDisciplined in using clinical approachGreat attention to detailConfidenceDentists work in multiple settings, but most join group practices or work with public health organizations. According to CareerIgniter, 92% of dentists work in private practice. It’s a robust, growing field because the need for dental health and preventative care will only grow with the aging Baby Boomer populations.How to become a dentistThe process takes from 7-8 years; expenses can range from $15K – $60K a year depending on the institution you select for the undergraduate and medical degrees.1. Complete a bachelor’s degree program 2. Pass the Dental Admission Test (DAT) 3. Earn a dental degree (Doctor of Dental Surgery, DDS, or Doctor of Dental Medicine, DDM) from an accredited organization. Studies during this time include laboratory and classroom work in health and dental science. Courses will most likely include oral pathology, periodontics, dental anesthesia, orthodontics, radiology, and pharmacology. The last two years of a program typically focus on clinical work, diagnosing and treating patients under the supervision of a dental instructor. 4. Obtain a license to practice (by passing National Board Dental Exams) 5. Practice or pursue a specialtySo if you like teeth, other human beings, and are passionate about preventative medical care- dentistry just might be the ideal career for you!How To Become A DentistRead More at www.careerigniter.com

Bangalore Real Estate Essay Example

Bangalore Real Estate Essay Example Bangalore Real Estate Essay Bangalore Real Estate Essay Capital of the southern state of Karakas, Bangor is blessed with numerous features which include gardens, natural lakes, beautiful madmans and a favorable climactic condition. These are features which aid in attracting business opportunists who make this city a more lucrative option for potential buyers. The growth of the real estate industry in Bangor that began along with the IT boom is showing an upward movement in both commercial and residential properties. However, the rising figures are not enough to quench the growing demand for properties in Indians primary IT hub. This growing demand in Bangor property has encouraged property investors and dealers as they are coming up with newer forms of projects that will attract more buyers. These schemes are aimed at not only the elite class but also the middle class working executives to fulfill their dreams of a sweet home in the high tech city. Increase in real estate prices drives the market to be more expensive which provides plenty opportunities to real estate developers. The Indian government is also not being left behind as it is coming up with various infrastructure projects in order to make Bangor one of the most sought after cities across the globe. The prime center of attractions in Bangor includes the Whitfield areas, Bantamweight Road, Outer Ring Road and House Road. This evolution has attracted a number of multinational companies such as Yahoo, Amazon, Google and many more. This has also led to an increase in the demand in business in residential sectors. However, several issues do exist such as parking, traffic Jams, deteriorating road conditions and low vacancy rates in the main city. This has reinforced real estate developers and builders decision to search for options in the suburban areas of Bangor. A number of real estate developers are also developing townships around Bangor city. Most real estate projects are inspired from countries like Singapore USA and China.

Stress in Psychology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stress in Psychology - Research Paper Example â€Å"Even as modern suburban living offers an environment conducive to family lifestyle: ample living space, good schools, and relative safety, the suburban lifestyle is accompanied by substantial amounts of stress† (Cappell, Et al, 2001). The study investigates levels of stress for over 500 residents living in suburbs of Chicago, by measuring various demographic factors, such as gender, age, age of children, employment, number of hours worked each week, amount of time spent caring for the home, amount of time spent caring for children and number of hours of sleep each night. Levels of stress are measured by the number of stress related symptoms survey respondents report, for each factor. Overall, married males with families, living in the suburbs, who work reasonable hours and contribute little to household chores experience lower levels of stress, according to Cappell, et al (2001). Brown, D. & James, G. (2000). Physiological stress responses in Filipino-American immigrant nurses: The effects of residence time, lifestyle and job strain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62: 294-400. Retrieved from http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Physiological_Stress_Responses_in_Filipino-American_Immigrant_Nurses.pdf. The study investigates blood pressure levels among immigrants to Hawaii, of Filipino origin. Blood pressure is assumed to be a predictor of physiological stress. Respondents in the study are nurses and nurse aids, who are Filipino immigrants. The use of blood pressure as a stress response shows a pattern that the authors believe cannot be accounted for, by physical demands of work. Results indicate that respondents who have lived and worked in the United States longer, have higher average blood pressures, than those who have been in the country a shorter period of time. â€Å"Women who resided in the United States longer had significantly smaller dips in their blood pressure during sleep† (Brown & James, 2000). Blood pressure normally dips during sleep. Th e assumption is that those with smaller dips in blood pressure are suffering from a higher level of stress. Respondents were also given questionnaires to measure their perceived lifestyle, compared to both Filipino and American lifestyle, using a scale. Respondents rated themselves as generally having a lower perceived American lifestyle. The implication for results of this research, is that acculturation brings about higher levels of physiological stress response. Steckel, R. (2005). Young adult mortality following severe physiological stress in childhood: Skeletal evidence. Economics and Human Biology, 3: 314-28. Retrieved from http://web.econ.ohio-state.edu/rsteckel/VITA/2005%20Young%20Adult%20Mortality.pdf The author uses skeletal remains to suggest a link between childhood physiological stress and adult heath. The research conducted is an investigation of skeletal findings presented by groups of anthropologists. Steckel bases his research on previous studies that link childhood health to adult success and growth (stature) to adult wellness. Femur length is a proven method among anthropologists, for determining stature. â€Å"In a large collaborative study that investigated skeletal health over the past several thousand years, these included three indictors of health during childhood (stature, linear enamel defects, and skeletal signs of anemia)† (Steckel, 2005).. Stature is also included as an important

Marketing Segmentation and Targeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Segmentation and Targeting - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that A market, in contemporary terms, is defined as a place where both buyers and sellers come to meet with the objective of exchanging of goods or even services. In this text, the general definition of a market is a group of both people as well as businesses with a clear interest, purchasing ability and willingness to spend some money to get the goods or services to satisfy their specific needs. Market segmentation is the grouping of customers who may be individual or corporate into a pool of customers with similar demands (goods and services) in terms of prices and designs. It can also be termed as a marketing strategy where a large market is divided into various subsets according to the customers’ demands. A good market segment should be homogenous meaning all customers in a specific segment would prefer a common product quality. on the other hand, buyers from different segments are expected to have different products and services tastes. However, all these should yield many returns.   The term can also be described as grouping customers with similar needs and charged differently from other groups or segments. Statistical analysis is done on some characteristics to come up with a certain market segment. Among the characteristics are the customers’ location, price, income, religion, and gender. Market segmentation is a business strategy upon which other marketing decisions are based.  ... The first is the geographic segmentation which is determined by various regional variables like nations, neighborhoods, climate, and rate of population growth as well as the population density. Demographic segmentations consider age, level of education, income, status of family, occupational factors, and the customers’ gender. Psychographic market grouping is making use of psychological science to know customers well and is based on the attitudes and the general customers’ lifestyle as well as values. Finally, behavioral market differentiations is done according to the rates at which the customers use the goods or services in question, price sensitivity, how loyal the customer is to a certain brand, as well as the benefits attained. The greatest purpose of market segmentation is to enable sales activities to put more emphasis on a certain market segment with the highest chances to buy the products or services. If properly done, higher sales will be realized. In other pe rspectives, it is aimed to improve business or company’s competitive nature as well as serve the customers in a better way which translates to better output such as sales increase, better market share, and a good business image. Other benefits of this market strategy is to get to the bottom understanding of the customers’ needs and this translates to improvement of a company or business in general. This confers on the business a competitive advantage due to the better services offered to the grouped customers. The other advantages are that the goods or services termed as responsive could be designed to satisfy the wants of a certain market place. Secondly, it can be used to decide on effective costs and creating awareness on a certain

Self reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self reflection - Coursework Example As part of my strengths, I find myself focused towards the ultimate goal of the change process. Having the future in mind from the start, and relating this to my ability to influence others in making decisions and having a positive attitude towards change makes my change leading a success. My influence on others has made me capable of initiating, maintaining and sustaining the change process. This is an important strength that coupled with proper change teamwork helps in making change a success. However, I have always found it difficult to deal effectively with change resistance. In most instances, I face a challenge in making people believe that the norm is not satisfactory and that a new scheme or program is essential. With such a problem, it becomes difficult to make change a success unless enough time and resources are invested into the change process to influence acceptance. At one time, I was forced to use more than the allocated budget in a change process. Change is not always about making decisions to move away from the norm. Leading change requires that the leader be a team player and capable of making positive influence with the team and leading the change towards the desired

John Kotters Eight Steps to Change Essay Example for Free

John Kotters Eight Steps to Change Essay A Systematic Approach: Eight Steps to Change. We shall use the impact of low-cost airline as an example to understand each step. In 2003, Lufthansa was facing intense competition from low-cost airline on short-haul domestic flights. In the fight for domination in the German skies, Lufthansa intend to match the low-cost rivals by expanding its own network of cut-price domestic and European services. Establish a sense of urgency. From previous experiences of battling competition and enforcing change, the first step leading to the successful implementation of change is the creation of urgency. Establishing a sense of urgency is vital for eliminating contentment and achieving the collaboration needed to implement change. Employees are required to co-operate, understand the differences between the company’s current situation and a desired future participate and step up to the mark in order to succeed. . 2. 2Step 2. Create a powerful guiding coalition. Once sense of urgency is established within the organisation, the next step is forming a strong group of guiding coalition. The group could consist of internal or external organisation members with significant credibility and authority. These â€Å"outsiders† can provide valuable judgement, experiences and ideas that in turn allow the employees to share a common level of understanding for change. 3. 2. 3Step 3. Develop a compelling vision. Obviously, the reason for changes is discontentment with the current situation and having the desire for a better future. For that reason, management have to develop a clear and accomplishable vision that consists of these characteristics: a desirable future, compelling, realistic, focused, flexible and, easy to communicate. They have to be specific about how the change will improve the organisation and how those improvements will benefit employees in the organisation. 3. 2. 4Step 4. Communicate the vision. During the implementation of change, there are bound to have resisters opposing the change. Communication is the crucial factor to convert the resisters with managers taking advantages of all the communication channels in the organisation to get the transformation effort across to all. It must be able to convey and explain the specifically how the vision will benefit them. 3. 2. 5Step 5. Empower others to act on the vision. In every change, there are bound to be obstacles. The first four steps encourage employees to accept changes. To further support change, obstacles that obstruct the way to attaining the vision should be eliminated. If the obstacles happen to be an employee, the organisation may well have to decide the option available or sever the relationship with the individual. 3. 2. 6Step 6. Generate short-term wins Depending on the significance of change, some transformation of change might take years to before it is successfully implemented. In the case of Lufthansa, in order to top the low-cost aviation industry, the duration might approximately take ten years. Attitude and motivation among employees might fade along the way. Soon, they will loose sight of the vision and become discouraged and disappointed therefore Lufthansa should set up multiple short-term win situations in a major transformation change. 3. 2. 7Step 7. Consolidate gains and push for more change. It is important to note that celebrating a short-term win might create complacency among employees. So instead of celebrating or declaring victory prematurely, organisation should take the opportunity to implement larger changes. With the confidence and belief, employees will be able to accept larger and more drastic changes than before. Organisation should build on the current momentum to push for more change. 3. 2. 8Step 8. Anchor new approaches in the company’s culture. Once the objective has been achieved, prove the positive result to employees. After that, management should ensure that cementation work such as new working methodologies and policies are enforced into the company culture whereby continuous improvement and changes are seen as norm and survival.

The Benefits of Telehealth in Rural Populations Essay -- Healthcare

Benefits of Telehealth in Rural Populations Kansas is considered a rural state in the United States. Merriam-Webster (2012) defines rural theoretically as â€Å"open land† or â€Å"relating to the country, country people or life, or agriculture†. The U.S. Census Bureau considers rural to be â€Å"open country and settlements with fewer than 2,500 residents† (Cromartie, 2007). Nearly 17% of the U.S. population lives in rural areas, which is about 80% of all U.S. territory (Cromartie, 2009). What this means that there is more land mass compared to the people inhabiting the land; rural communities have fewer people living in larger, more remote areas. Individuals living in rural communities have different cultures and experiences than those living in urban communities, which can become problematic in regards to healthcare. Many factors such as sociocultural, financial and structural issues create barriers to healthcare access for individuals living in rural America. Sociocultural factors include self-reliance, education, language and beliefs; financial factors include inadequate health insurance, income and resources; structural issues include the physical distance to travel, ability to travel and time to travel to healthcare facilities or healthcare professionals (Graves, 2008). For decades, individuals living in rural areas have been considered medically underserved. Access to healthcare is a problem that has been increasing for individuals in rural America due to aging populations, declining economies, rural hospital closures, rising healthcare costs, healthcare provider shortages and difficulties attracting and retaining healthcare personnel and physicians (Bauer, 2002). This population experience more health disparities than t... ...nities: toward eliminating rural health disparities. Online Journal Of Rural Nursing & Health Care, 10(1), 4-6. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2004). Retrieved June 16, 2004 from http://m-w.com/dictionary/rural Moffatt, J. and Eley, D. (2010). The reported benefits of telehealth for rural Australians. Australian Health Review. 34. 276-281. Saqui, O., Chang, A., McGonigle, S., Purdy, B., Fairholm, L., Baun, M., Yeung, M., Rossos, P., Allard, J., (2007). Telehealth videoconferencing: Improving home parenteral nutrition patient care to rural areas of ontario, canada. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 31(3). 234-239. Sevean, P., Dampier, S., Spadoni, M., Strickland, S., Pilatzke, S., (2008). Patients and families experiences with video telehelath in rural/remote communities in northern canada. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18. 2573-2579.

John Donnes Loves Alchemy Essay -- John Donne Poetry Poems Analysis

John Donne's Love's Alchemy In 'Love's Alchemy,'; John Donne sets up an analogy between the Platonists, who try, endlessly, to discover spiritual love, and the alchemists, who in Donne’s time, tried to extract gold from baser metals. This analogy allows Donne to express his beliefs that such spiritual love does not exist and those who are searching for it are only wasting their time. Donne cleverly uses language that both allows the reader to see the connections between the alchemists and the Platonists and that allows for a more sexual interpretation of the piece. The poem opens with two lines that lay the groundwork for the analogy and that have a sexual implication. The word â€Å"digged'; and the image of â€Å"love’s mine';, obviously allow for the comparison between the Platonist’s and the alchemists. Donne explains that some have experienced more love than he has, and, in having done so, have penetrated â€Å"deeper'; into â€Å"love’s hidden mystery,'; that is, they have reached a point beyond sensual love where they have found it’s true â€Å"centric'; or essential happiness. This would be analogous to alchemists, who, after many attempts, have been able to extract gold from other metals. Due to the diction that Donne uses and the manner in which he expresses himself in these two lines, it is possible to extract their sexual meaning that serves to ridicule the claims and means of the Platonists as well as the alchemists. The words â€Å"digged love’s mine'; can be interpreted as...

Better Business Bureau Essay

The BBB was created to establish an environment of trust between buyers & sellers. This trust is created through the BBB’s â€Å"standards of trust†. Companies that abide by these standards in turn receive accreditation. As a not for profit, the BBB relies on funds from sponsors and members. Up until recent, the BBB seemed to have offered special benefits to those that paid a fee to become members. Such accusations have caused the BBB to address their current system and make changes to ensure fairness amoung members and non-members. 1)Who is the BBB’s most important stakeholder, business or consumers? ->The most important stakeholder for the BBB is the consumer. Yes, businesses provide the resources for the BBB, but they only do this to create a positive image for their brand in the eyes of consumers. If the consumers did not care about the ratings of the BBB then businesses would not invest. 2)Do you think the BBB can truly be impartial given its financial dependence on business? ->No the BBB can’t be impartial. There needs to be a reason for companies to invest in the BBB. If the treatment of non-members were truly the same as members, then the company will give companies little reason to invest. 3)What actions can you take to make sure the â€Å"pay for play† scheme did not happen again? ->The main issue with the â€Å"pay for play† scheme was the fact that those who sold first year memberships received a 45 percent commission. This type of reward system is very similar to the AIG system that caused problems within their company. ->The BBB should implement a new reward system. Maybe a system that provides rewards based on the pitching of memberships to potential business. Employees should be rewarded regardless of if the sale goes through or not.

Removal of Indians essays

Removal of Indians essays In the early 1800's, the colonists in the United States were on the move, and the country was expanding westward. This left little land for the Native Americans to live on. By 1839, thirteen thousand Cherokees were driven into Indian Territory (later Oklahoma), in what became known as the Trail of Tears. There were principal arguments made for the removal of the Cherokee Indians. According to Discovering the American Past, I can see one man that delivered these principal arguments: Andrew Jackson. In this paper, I will discuss the principal arguments given by Jackson, for the removal of the Cherokee. Andrew Jackson once wrote that Cherokees have neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvement... in their condition. This quote automatically led me to believe that Jackson was totally for the removal of the Indians. Jackson was the president during the time of the removal of the Cherokee. He made his first annual message to Congress on December 8, 1829. In this address, he gave some reasons for the Indian removal. According to Jackson, the whites had been trying to convert the Indians from their savage ways. Some of the Southern Indian tribes were trying to create an independent government, inside Georgia and Alabama. These states extended their laws over the Indians, which caused the latter to call upon the United States for protection. The Constitution states that no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, without the consent of its legislature. Jackson said that if this holds to be true, then a foreign, independent government could definitely not establish itself there. Jackson believed that in moving the Indians, it would be beneficial for them to move to the Indian Territory. He stated that each tribe would have distinct control over the portion designated for their use. They could have their own...

French Culture and Civilisation Essay Example

French Culture and Civilisation Essay Example French Culture and Civilisation Essay French Culture and Civilisation Essay Night Flight, the Little Prince) Marguerite Duras Marguerite Yourcenar With Alain Robbe- 1st woman acad? ©micienne Grillet et Nathalie Sarraute, created a new genre: LAcad? ©mie Franpise: nouveau roman, founded in 1635 to protect The lover French language Moderato cantabile 4 17 Nobel Prizes for French literature since 1901 0 1901 Sully Prudhomme (The first Nobel Prize in literature) 1904 Fr? ©d? ©ric Mistral (wrote in Occitan) 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgian) Romain Rolland 1915 Anatole France 1921 1927 Henri Bergson Roger Martin du 1937 Gard Andr? © Gide 1947 1952 Franpis Mauriac Albert Camus 1957 1960 Saint-John Perse 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre (declined the prize) 0 1969- Samuel Beckett (Irish, wrote in English and French) 0 1985 Claude Simon 2000 Gao Xingjian Contemporary writers Bernard Henri Levy Michel Houellebecq Bandes dessin? ©es: a very popular art form Tatiana de Rosnay Text International Comic Strip Festival Angoul? ©me Poitou Charente to 03/02 /13 Composers Hector Berlioz (1803-69 Symphonie Fantastique) Anne Favier-Townsend Georges Bizet (1838-75 carmen) 29 5 Jacques Offenbach Leo Delibes (1836-1891 coppelta, Lakm? ©) (1819-1880 Tales of Hoffman) Contemporary music Jean-Michel Jarre Gipsy Kings Painters- 17th century Nicolas pousstn (1594-1665) George de la Tour (1593-1662) Debussy (1862-1908 Clatr de Lune) Ravel (1878-1937 Bolero) Saint Saens (1835-1921 -Carnival of the animals) Famous abroad unknown to French young people? Edith Piaf Charles Aznavour Painters: 18th century Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) Francots Boucher (1703-1770) 6 Painters: 19th century Edouard Manet 1832-1883) Berthe Morisot Edgar Degas (1834-1917) Claude Monet Henri Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) George Seurat (1859-1891) Camille Pissaro (1830-1903) Paul C? ©zanne (1839-1906) Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) Painters: 20th century Marie Laurencin Pierre Bonnard 1867-1947 1883-1956 7 Painters Georges Braque (1882-1963) Marc Chagall (1887-1985) Henri Matisse (1869-1954) Sculpture Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) Camille Claudel (1864-1943) French Cinema 0 France : Birth country of cinema. Moving pictures invented 0 All about artistic integrity Usually low budget, few special effects, all about stories, narratives and character development 0 Most French people support the idea that it is legitimate to protect cultural activities from pure market laws and it is the role of the State to protect them and if necessary su bsidise them with public money. This is why there is a Minister for culture. 0 Contrary to the USA where a movie is seen as an entertainment and its success is measured in $, in France a movie is considered a message sent by a director for our reflection. Its success is measured by the number of viewers.

Tiger Facts

Tiger Facts Tigers (Panthera tigris) are the largest and most powerful of all cats. They are extremely agile despite their large size. Tigers are capable of leaping 26 to 32 feet in a single bound. They are also among the most recognizable of cats due to their distinct orange coat, black stripes, and white markings.   Tigers are native to South and Southeast Asia, China and the Russian Far East, though their habitat and numbers have dwindled rapidly. Fast Facts: Tiger Scientific Name: Panthera tigrisCommon Name: TigerBasic Animal Group:  MammalSize: 3–3.5 feet tall at shoulders, 4.6–9.2 feet long including head and body, 2–3 feet tail lengthWeight: 220–675 pounds depending on sub-species and genderLifespan: 10–15 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  South and Southeast Asia, China and the Russian Far East.Population:  3,000–4,500  Conservation  Status:  Endangered Description Tigers vary in color, size, and markings according to their subspecies. Bengal tigers, which inhabit the forests of India, have the quintessential tiger appearance, with a dark orange coat, black stripes, and a white underbelly. Siberian tigers, the largest of all the tiger subspecies, are lighter in color and have a thicker coat that enables them to brave the harsh, cold temperatures of the Russian taiga. Gannet77/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Tigers historically occupied a range that stretched from the eastern part of Turkey to the Tibetan plateau, Manchuria and the Sea of Okhotsk. Today, tigers occupy only about seven percent of their former range. More than half of the remaining wild tigers live in the forests of India. Smaller populations remain in China, Russia, and parts of Southeast Asia. Tigers inhabit a wide range of habitats such as lowland evergreen forests, taiga, grasslands, tropical forests, and mangrove swamps. They generally require habitat with covers such as forests or grasslands, water resources, and enough territory to support their prey. Diet Tigers are carnivores. They are nocturnal hunters that feed on large prey such as deer, cattle, wild pigs, rhinoceroses, and elephants. They also supplement their diet with smaller prey such as birds, monkeys, fish, and reptiles. Tigers also feed on carrion. Behavior Tigers are solitary, territorial cats. They occupy a home range that is generally between 200 and 1000 square kilometers. Females occupying smaller home ranges than males. Tigers often create several dens within their territory. They are not water-fearing cats; in fact, they are adept swimmers capable of crossing moderately sized rivers. As a result, water rarely poses a barrier to them. Tigers are among only four species of great cats that are capable of roaring. Reproduction and Offspring Tigers reproduce sexually. Although they are known to mate year-round, breeding usually peaks between November and April. Their gestation period is 16 weeks. A litter usually consists of between three to four cubs which are raised alone by the mother; the father plays no role in the upbringing. Tiger cubs generally leave their den with their mother at about 8 weeks old and are independent at 18 months. They stay with their mothers, however, for over two years. 4FR/Getty Images Conservation Status Tigers are listed as an endangered species. Fewer than 3,200 tigers remain in the wild. More than half of those tigers live in the forests of India. The primary threats facing tigers include poaching, habitat loss, dwindling prey populations. Although protected areas have been established for tigers, illegal killings still take place mainly for their skins and use in traditional Chinese medical practices. Although most of their historical range has been destroyed, research suggests tigers living in the Indian sub-continent are still genetically strong. This indicates that, with appropriate conservation and protection in place, tigers do have the capacity to rebound as a species. In India, it is illegal to shoot tigers or trade in their skins or other body parts. Subspecies There are five subspecies of tigers alive today and every one of these subspecies is classified as endangered. The five subspecies of tigers include Siberian tigers, Bengal tigers, Indochinese tigers, South China tigers, and Sumatran tigers. There are also three additional subspecies of tigers that have gone extinct during the past sixty years. The extinct subspecies include Caspian tigers, Javan tigers,  and Bali tigers. Tigers and Humans Human beings have been fascinated by tigers for millennia. Tiger images first appeared as a cultural symbol nearly 5,000 years ago in the area now known as Pakistan. Tigers were part of the games in the Roman Colosseum.While tigers can and will attack a human being if they are threatened or unable to find food elsewhere, tiger attacks are relatively rare. Most man-eating tigers are older or incapacitated, and thus unable to chase down or overpower larger prey. Evolution Modern cats first appeared about 10.8 million years ago. The ancestors of tigers, along with those of jaguars, leopards, lions, snow leopards, and clouded leopards, split off from the other ancestral cat lineages early in the evolution of the cat family and today form what is known as the Panthera lineage. Tigers shared a common ancestor with snow leopards that lived about 840,000 years ago. Sources â€Å"Basic Facts About Tigers.†Ã‚  Defenders of Wildlife, 10 Jan. 2019, defenders.org/tiger/basic-facts.â€Å"Tiger Facts.†Ã‚  National Geographic, 2 Aug. 2015, www.nationalgeographic.com.au/animals/tiger-facts.aspx.â€Å"Where Do Tigers Live? And Other Tiger Facts.†Ã‚  WWF, World Wildlife Fund.