Self reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self reflection - Coursework Example As part of my strengths, I find myself focused towards the ultimate goal of the change process. Having the future in mind from the start, and relating this to my ability to influence others in making decisions and having a positive attitude towards change makes my change leading a success. My influence on others has made me capable of initiating, maintaining and sustaining the change process. This is an important strength that coupled with proper change teamwork helps in making change a success. However, I have always found it difficult to deal effectively with change resistance. In most instances, I face a challenge in making people believe that the norm is not satisfactory and that a new scheme or program is essential. With such a problem, it becomes difficult to make change a success unless enough time and resources are invested into the change process to influence acceptance. At one time, I was forced to use more than the allocated budget in a change process. Change is not always about making decisions to move away from the norm. Leading change requires that the leader be a team player and capable of making positive influence with the team and leading the change towards the desired

John Kotters Eight Steps to Change Essay Example for Free

John Kotters Eight Steps to Change Essay A Systematic Approach: Eight Steps to Change. We shall use the impact of low-cost airline as an example to understand each step. In 2003, Lufthansa was facing intense competition from low-cost airline on short-haul domestic flights. In the fight for domination in the German skies, Lufthansa intend to match the low-cost rivals by expanding its own network of cut-price domestic and European services. Establish a sense of urgency. From previous experiences of battling competition and enforcing change, the first step leading to the successful implementation of change is the creation of urgency. Establishing a sense of urgency is vital for eliminating contentment and achieving the collaboration needed to implement change. Employees are required to co-operate, understand the differences between the company’s current situation and a desired future participate and step up to the mark in order to succeed. . 2. 2Step 2. Create a powerful guiding coalition. Once sense of urgency is established within the organisation, the next step is forming a strong group of guiding coalition. The group could consist of internal or external organisation members with significant credibility and authority. These â€Å"outsiders† can provide valuable judgement, experiences and ideas that in turn allow the employees to share a common level of understanding for change. 3. 2. 3Step 3. Develop a compelling vision. Obviously, the reason for changes is discontentment with the current situation and having the desire for a better future. For that reason, management have to develop a clear and accomplishable vision that consists of these characteristics: a desirable future, compelling, realistic, focused, flexible and, easy to communicate. They have to be specific about how the change will improve the organisation and how those improvements will benefit employees in the organisation. 3. 2. 4Step 4. Communicate the vision. During the implementation of change, there are bound to have resisters opposing the change. Communication is the crucial factor to convert the resisters with managers taking advantages of all the communication channels in the organisation to get the transformation effort across to all. It must be able to convey and explain the specifically how the vision will benefit them. 3. 2. 5Step 5. Empower others to act on the vision. In every change, there are bound to be obstacles. The first four steps encourage employees to accept changes. To further support change, obstacles that obstruct the way to attaining the vision should be eliminated. If the obstacles happen to be an employee, the organisation may well have to decide the option available or sever the relationship with the individual. 3. 2. 6Step 6. Generate short-term wins Depending on the significance of change, some transformation of change might take years to before it is successfully implemented. In the case of Lufthansa, in order to top the low-cost aviation industry, the duration might approximately take ten years. Attitude and motivation among employees might fade along the way. Soon, they will loose sight of the vision and become discouraged and disappointed therefore Lufthansa should set up multiple short-term win situations in a major transformation change. 3. 2. 7Step 7. Consolidate gains and push for more change. It is important to note that celebrating a short-term win might create complacency among employees. So instead of celebrating or declaring victory prematurely, organisation should take the opportunity to implement larger changes. With the confidence and belief, employees will be able to accept larger and more drastic changes than before. Organisation should build on the current momentum to push for more change. 3. 2. 8Step 8. Anchor new approaches in the company’s culture. Once the objective has been achieved, prove the positive result to employees. After that, management should ensure that cementation work such as new working methodologies and policies are enforced into the company culture whereby continuous improvement and changes are seen as norm and survival.

The Benefits of Telehealth in Rural Populations Essay -- Healthcare

Benefits of Telehealth in Rural Populations Kansas is considered a rural state in the United States. Merriam-Webster (2012) defines rural theoretically as â€Å"open land† or â€Å"relating to the country, country people or life, or agriculture†. The U.S. Census Bureau considers rural to be â€Å"open country and settlements with fewer than 2,500 residents† (Cromartie, 2007). Nearly 17% of the U.S. population lives in rural areas, which is about 80% of all U.S. territory (Cromartie, 2009). What this means that there is more land mass compared to the people inhabiting the land; rural communities have fewer people living in larger, more remote areas. Individuals living in rural communities have different cultures and experiences than those living in urban communities, which can become problematic in regards to healthcare. Many factors such as sociocultural, financial and structural issues create barriers to healthcare access for individuals living in rural America. Sociocultural factors include self-reliance, education, language and beliefs; financial factors include inadequate health insurance, income and resources; structural issues include the physical distance to travel, ability to travel and time to travel to healthcare facilities or healthcare professionals (Graves, 2008). For decades, individuals living in rural areas have been considered medically underserved. Access to healthcare is a problem that has been increasing for individuals in rural America due to aging populations, declining economies, rural hospital closures, rising healthcare costs, healthcare provider shortages and difficulties attracting and retaining healthcare personnel and physicians (Bauer, 2002). This population experience more health disparities than t... ...nities: toward eliminating rural health disparities. Online Journal Of Rural Nursing & Health Care, 10(1), 4-6. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2004). Retrieved June 16, 2004 from http://m-w.com/dictionary/rural Moffatt, J. and Eley, D. (2010). The reported benefits of telehealth for rural Australians. Australian Health Review. 34. 276-281. Saqui, O., Chang, A., McGonigle, S., Purdy, B., Fairholm, L., Baun, M., Yeung, M., Rossos, P., Allard, J., (2007). Telehealth videoconferencing: Improving home parenteral nutrition patient care to rural areas of ontario, canada. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 31(3). 234-239. Sevean, P., Dampier, S., Spadoni, M., Strickland, S., Pilatzke, S., (2008). Patients and families experiences with video telehelath in rural/remote communities in northern canada. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18. 2573-2579.

John Donnes Loves Alchemy Essay -- John Donne Poetry Poems Analysis

John Donne's Love's Alchemy In 'Love's Alchemy,'; John Donne sets up an analogy between the Platonists, who try, endlessly, to discover spiritual love, and the alchemists, who in Donne’s time, tried to extract gold from baser metals. This analogy allows Donne to express his beliefs that such spiritual love does not exist and those who are searching for it are only wasting their time. Donne cleverly uses language that both allows the reader to see the connections between the alchemists and the Platonists and that allows for a more sexual interpretation of the piece. The poem opens with two lines that lay the groundwork for the analogy and that have a sexual implication. The word â€Å"digged'; and the image of â€Å"love’s mine';, obviously allow for the comparison between the Platonist’s and the alchemists. Donne explains that some have experienced more love than he has, and, in having done so, have penetrated â€Å"deeper'; into â€Å"love’s hidden mystery,'; that is, they have reached a point beyond sensual love where they have found it’s true â€Å"centric'; or essential happiness. This would be analogous to alchemists, who, after many attempts, have been able to extract gold from other metals. Due to the diction that Donne uses and the manner in which he expresses himself in these two lines, it is possible to extract their sexual meaning that serves to ridicule the claims and means of the Platonists as well as the alchemists. The words â€Å"digged love’s mine'; can be interpreted as...

Better Business Bureau Essay

The BBB was created to establish an environment of trust between buyers & sellers. This trust is created through the BBB’s â€Å"standards of trust†. Companies that abide by these standards in turn receive accreditation. As a not for profit, the BBB relies on funds from sponsors and members. Up until recent, the BBB seemed to have offered special benefits to those that paid a fee to become members. Such accusations have caused the BBB to address their current system and make changes to ensure fairness amoung members and non-members. 1)Who is the BBB’s most important stakeholder, business or consumers? ->The most important stakeholder for the BBB is the consumer. Yes, businesses provide the resources for the BBB, but they only do this to create a positive image for their brand in the eyes of consumers. If the consumers did not care about the ratings of the BBB then businesses would not invest. 2)Do you think the BBB can truly be impartial given its financial dependence on business? ->No the BBB can’t be impartial. There needs to be a reason for companies to invest in the BBB. If the treatment of non-members were truly the same as members, then the company will give companies little reason to invest. 3)What actions can you take to make sure the â€Å"pay for play† scheme did not happen again? ->The main issue with the â€Å"pay for play† scheme was the fact that those who sold first year memberships received a 45 percent commission. This type of reward system is very similar to the AIG system that caused problems within their company. ->The BBB should implement a new reward system. Maybe a system that provides rewards based on the pitching of memberships to potential business. Employees should be rewarded regardless of if the sale goes through or not.

Removal of Indians essays

Removal of Indians essays In the early 1800's, the colonists in the United States were on the move, and the country was expanding westward. This left little land for the Native Americans to live on. By 1839, thirteen thousand Cherokees were driven into Indian Territory (later Oklahoma), in what became known as the Trail of Tears. There were principal arguments made for the removal of the Cherokee Indians. According to Discovering the American Past, I can see one man that delivered these principal arguments: Andrew Jackson. In this paper, I will discuss the principal arguments given by Jackson, for the removal of the Cherokee. Andrew Jackson once wrote that Cherokees have neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvement... in their condition. This quote automatically led me to believe that Jackson was totally for the removal of the Indians. Jackson was the president during the time of the removal of the Cherokee. He made his first annual message to Congress on December 8, 1829. In this address, he gave some reasons for the Indian removal. According to Jackson, the whites had been trying to convert the Indians from their savage ways. Some of the Southern Indian tribes were trying to create an independent government, inside Georgia and Alabama. These states extended their laws over the Indians, which caused the latter to call upon the United States for protection. The Constitution states that no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, without the consent of its legislature. Jackson said that if this holds to be true, then a foreign, independent government could definitely not establish itself there. Jackson believed that in moving the Indians, it would be beneficial for them to move to the Indian Territory. He stated that each tribe would have distinct control over the portion designated for their use. They could have their own...

French Culture and Civilisation Essay Example

French Culture and Civilisation Essay Example French Culture and Civilisation Essay French Culture and Civilisation Essay Night Flight, the Little Prince) Marguerite Duras Marguerite Yourcenar With Alain Robbe- 1st woman acad? ©micienne Grillet et Nathalie Sarraute, created a new genre: LAcad? ©mie Franpise: nouveau roman, founded in 1635 to protect The lover French language Moderato cantabile 4 17 Nobel Prizes for French literature since 1901 0 1901 Sully Prudhomme (The first Nobel Prize in literature) 1904 Fr? ©d? ©ric Mistral (wrote in Occitan) 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgian) Romain Rolland 1915 Anatole France 1921 1927 Henri Bergson Roger Martin du 1937 Gard Andr? © Gide 1947 1952 Franpis Mauriac Albert Camus 1957 1960 Saint-John Perse 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre (declined the prize) 0 1969- Samuel Beckett (Irish, wrote in English and French) 0 1985 Claude Simon 2000 Gao Xingjian Contemporary writers Bernard Henri Levy Michel Houellebecq Bandes dessin? ©es: a very popular art form Tatiana de Rosnay Text International Comic Strip Festival Angoul? ©me Poitou Charente to 03/02 /13 Composers Hector Berlioz (1803-69 Symphonie Fantastique) Anne Favier-Townsend Georges Bizet (1838-75 carmen) 29 5 Jacques Offenbach Leo Delibes (1836-1891 coppelta, Lakm? ©) (1819-1880 Tales of Hoffman) Contemporary music Jean-Michel Jarre Gipsy Kings Painters- 17th century Nicolas pousstn (1594-1665) George de la Tour (1593-1662) Debussy (1862-1908 Clatr de Lune) Ravel (1878-1937 Bolero) Saint Saens (1835-1921 -Carnival of the animals) Famous abroad unknown to French young people? Edith Piaf Charles Aznavour Painters: 18th century Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) Francots Boucher (1703-1770) 6 Painters: 19th century Edouard Manet 1832-1883) Berthe Morisot Edgar Degas (1834-1917) Claude Monet Henri Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) George Seurat (1859-1891) Camille Pissaro (1830-1903) Paul C? ©zanne (1839-1906) Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) Painters: 20th century Marie Laurencin Pierre Bonnard 1867-1947 1883-1956 7 Painters Georges Braque (1882-1963) Marc Chagall (1887-1985) Henri Matisse (1869-1954) Sculpture Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) Camille Claudel (1864-1943) French Cinema 0 France : Birth country of cinema. Moving pictures invented 0 All about artistic integrity Usually low budget, few special effects, all about stories, narratives and character development 0 Most French people support the idea that it is legitimate to protect cultural activities from pure market laws and it is the role of the State to protect them and if necessary su bsidise them with public money. This is why there is a Minister for culture. 0 Contrary to the USA where a movie is seen as an entertainment and its success is measured in $, in France a movie is considered a message sent by a director for our reflection. Its success is measured by the number of viewers.

Tiger Facts

Tiger Facts Tigers (Panthera tigris) are the largest and most powerful of all cats. They are extremely agile despite their large size. Tigers are capable of leaping 26 to 32 feet in a single bound. They are also among the most recognizable of cats due to their distinct orange coat, black stripes, and white markings.   Tigers are native to South and Southeast Asia, China and the Russian Far East, though their habitat and numbers have dwindled rapidly. Fast Facts: Tiger Scientific Name: Panthera tigrisCommon Name: TigerBasic Animal Group:  MammalSize: 3–3.5 feet tall at shoulders, 4.6–9.2 feet long including head and body, 2–3 feet tail lengthWeight: 220–675 pounds depending on sub-species and genderLifespan: 10–15 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  South and Southeast Asia, China and the Russian Far East.Population:  3,000–4,500  Conservation  Status:  Endangered Description Tigers vary in color, size, and markings according to their subspecies. Bengal tigers, which inhabit the forests of India, have the quintessential tiger appearance, with a dark orange coat, black stripes, and a white underbelly. Siberian tigers, the largest of all the tiger subspecies, are lighter in color and have a thicker coat that enables them to brave the harsh, cold temperatures of the Russian taiga. Gannet77/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Tigers historically occupied a range that stretched from the eastern part of Turkey to the Tibetan plateau, Manchuria and the Sea of Okhotsk. Today, tigers occupy only about seven percent of their former range. More than half of the remaining wild tigers live in the forests of India. Smaller populations remain in China, Russia, and parts of Southeast Asia. Tigers inhabit a wide range of habitats such as lowland evergreen forests, taiga, grasslands, tropical forests, and mangrove swamps. They generally require habitat with covers such as forests or grasslands, water resources, and enough territory to support their prey. Diet Tigers are carnivores. They are nocturnal hunters that feed on large prey such as deer, cattle, wild pigs, rhinoceroses, and elephants. They also supplement their diet with smaller prey such as birds, monkeys, fish, and reptiles. Tigers also feed on carrion. Behavior Tigers are solitary, territorial cats. They occupy a home range that is generally between 200 and 1000 square kilometers. Females occupying smaller home ranges than males. Tigers often create several dens within their territory. They are not water-fearing cats; in fact, they are adept swimmers capable of crossing moderately sized rivers. As a result, water rarely poses a barrier to them. Tigers are among only four species of great cats that are capable of roaring. Reproduction and Offspring Tigers reproduce sexually. Although they are known to mate year-round, breeding usually peaks between November and April. Their gestation period is 16 weeks. A litter usually consists of between three to four cubs which are raised alone by the mother; the father plays no role in the upbringing. Tiger cubs generally leave their den with their mother at about 8 weeks old and are independent at 18 months. They stay with their mothers, however, for over two years. 4FR/Getty Images Conservation Status Tigers are listed as an endangered species. Fewer than 3,200 tigers remain in the wild. More than half of those tigers live in the forests of India. The primary threats facing tigers include poaching, habitat loss, dwindling prey populations. Although protected areas have been established for tigers, illegal killings still take place mainly for their skins and use in traditional Chinese medical practices. Although most of their historical range has been destroyed, research suggests tigers living in the Indian sub-continent are still genetically strong. This indicates that, with appropriate conservation and protection in place, tigers do have the capacity to rebound as a species. In India, it is illegal to shoot tigers or trade in their skins or other body parts. Subspecies There are five subspecies of tigers alive today and every one of these subspecies is classified as endangered. The five subspecies of tigers include Siberian tigers, Bengal tigers, Indochinese tigers, South China tigers, and Sumatran tigers. There are also three additional subspecies of tigers that have gone extinct during the past sixty years. The extinct subspecies include Caspian tigers, Javan tigers,  and Bali tigers. Tigers and Humans Human beings have been fascinated by tigers for millennia. Tiger images first appeared as a cultural symbol nearly 5,000 years ago in the area now known as Pakistan. Tigers were part of the games in the Roman Colosseum.While tigers can and will attack a human being if they are threatened or unable to find food elsewhere, tiger attacks are relatively rare. Most man-eating tigers are older or incapacitated, and thus unable to chase down or overpower larger prey. Evolution Modern cats first appeared about 10.8 million years ago. The ancestors of tigers, along with those of jaguars, leopards, lions, snow leopards, and clouded leopards, split off from the other ancestral cat lineages early in the evolution of the cat family and today form what is known as the Panthera lineage. Tigers shared a common ancestor with snow leopards that lived about 840,000 years ago. Sources â€Å"Basic Facts About Tigers.†Ã‚  Defenders of Wildlife, 10 Jan. 2019, defenders.org/tiger/basic-facts.â€Å"Tiger Facts.†Ã‚  National Geographic, 2 Aug. 2015, www.nationalgeographic.com.au/animals/tiger-facts.aspx.â€Å"Where Do Tigers Live? And Other Tiger Facts.†Ã‚  WWF, World Wildlife Fund.

The Impact of Social Media on the Egyptian Revolution 2011 Dissertation

The Impact of Social Media on the Egyptian Revolution 2011 - Dissertation Example However, scholars and researchers differ on their opinion on the role of social media. Some have used terms such as Facebook revolution while others undermine the importance of social media platforms and tools. With the aim to evaluate the role of the social media during the Egyptian Revolution, three objectives were set in Chapter I. all the three objectives have been achieved. The social media plays a very active role in political movements as it provides people a platform to address their concerns, express their opinions, provides an avenue to extend and receive support. The government of any country usually controls and monitors the traditional media but when the same strategy is applied to the public sphere such as social networking sites and blogosphere, people resist and revolt to the extent it can be counter-productive for the governments. When the President in Egypt imposed web censorship people took to streets. Social media during the Egyptian revolution 2011, helped to ext end solidarity and confidence to the oppressed. Citizen journalists emerged registering their protest against the regime. The impact of social media was so intense during this revolution that the president had to finally resign in 18 days from the day the protest started. Social media enables activists and coordinators to start specific pages in the interest of the people. The use of social media in politics is still in the nascent stage but it is extensively being used by the citizens, professional journalists, by the politicians and by coordinators of protests and social movements. In fact, even the mainstream media has been using quotes from the social media in their articles. While the degree may not be very intense, at least it suggests the importance that the social media has been gaining. The study concludes that social media has played a very significant role in the Egyptian revolution 2011. It not only initiated the movement, it helped people at all stages, it helped in eff ective communication and collaboration, it enabled an international audience to receive information, and it also enabled protection to people in danger. As suggested by some authors, the role of social media in the Egyptian revolution is not hyped; it has been of tremendous value in shaping reforms. It is a valuable tool in developing anti-government protests and in designing collective action. It is a disruptive force that can drastically bring about change and reform. It can accelerate social and political movements far beyond what the traditional media can do. The study concluded by highlighting limitations and making recommendations for further research on the subject. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Social Media & Politics 1 1.3 Rationale for Research 3 1.4 Research Aims & Objectives 4 1.5 Scope of the Study 5 1.6 Structure of the Study 5 Chapter II Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2. Definition of Social Media 7 2.3 Social Networking Platfor ms 7 2.4 Benefits of Social Media 10 2.5 Social Media and Politics 11 2.6 Arab Countries & Egypt 12 2.7 Social Media in Egypt 12 2.8 Web Censorship in Arab countries 14 2.9 Chapter Summary 16 Chapter III Research Context 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Arab Spring 17 3.3 Egyptian Revolution 19 3.4 Summary 21 Chapter IV Research Methods 4.1 Introduction 23 4.2 Research Methodology 23 4.3 Choice of Method 23 4.4 Data Collection Methods 25 4.5 Secondary Research 26 4.6 Data Analysis 27 4.7 Summary

Organizational Turn Over, Empowerment Dimensions, Performance Dissertation

Organizational Turn Over, Empowerment Dimensions, Performance Improvement, and Job Satisfaction - Dissertation Example If the information isn’t perceived in the correct manner, then it may relate directly to the employee turn – over rate, job performance and satisfaction. This research study will examine the several dimensions of employee turn – over, what this relates to and how this is also potentially based on the amount of information which is retrieved from a company. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 1.1 Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 1.2 Problem Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 1.3 Purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 1.4 Significance of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 1.5 Nature of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 1.6 Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 1.7 Theoretical framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 1.8 Assumptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 1.9 Scope, Limitations, and Delimitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 1.10 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 2.0 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17 2.1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 2.2 History of Organizational Turn – Over and Empowerment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 2.3 Individual Relationships to Turn – Over†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 2.4 Cultural Behaviors in Organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...21 2.5 Leadership Roles in Turn – Over Rates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..22 2.6 Motivational Theories†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.24 2.7 The External Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..26 2.8 Communication, Information and Job Performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...28 2.9 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..30 3.0 Research Methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦31 3.1 Research Method and Design Appropriateness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...31 3.2 Population, Sampling and data Collection Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦32 3.3 Validity – Internal and External†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...32 3.4 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...33 3.5 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..33 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..34 1.0 Introduction Organizational turn – over is a difficulty that most businesses face, specifically because it leads to gaps in the work flow, changes the pace which many are working in and alters the way in which businesses are able to develop and grow. Organizational turn – over becomes detrimental for the overall production of a company and can create lapses with those who are interested in

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Global Warming Illustration - Essay Example People should also embark on afforestation activities to increase forest and vegetation cover and further invest in eco-friendly products. Global warming and its effects may be reduced by adopting environmental friendly farming methods, energy conservation techniques and engaging in other activities that reduces emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Global warming has affected every nation and village making it a concern to every kind of humanity despite of other distinguishing factors such as race, ethnicity, age, sex, and religion. The impact of climatic changes negatively affects the ecosystem. The effects of climatic change have led to death, malnutrition, droughts and are costly in most countries. The issue of global warming is serious and some experts and scientists say that the climatic change is still going to be a major issue as people can do very less to stop its impact but every individual can at least do something to control the climatic changes. Everybody should be responsible enough to control factors that contribute to global warming. Global warming has altered the climatic patterns in various parts of the world thus making people see nature differently. For instance, the water levels have gone down, cases of Katarina have gone so high, and rainfall is not falling most of the times as it used to in other previous days. Additionally, the vegetation cover is no longer the same the way it used to be in the past and animals have not been able to get food that can satisfy them because of lack of rainfall. Experts predict that in the coming days, the strength of global warming shall have gone so high and that there will be more heat waves and fires combined with severe droughts. Moreover, the experts argue that even a small change in temperature can make a very big difference in people’s life. Experts also say that oceans

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Is there a conflict between the new public management and ethics - Essay Example A minimum ethical standard is expected from the behaviour of public servants and this has become a major issue for every government. NPM involves maintaining proper allocation of responsibilities for public servants, managing budgetary constraints and implementing innovations in public services. In this era of globalization, where almost every country is participating in the international trade of goods and services, it has become even more vital that public services be conducted in ethical manner to enhance international economic relations. For conduct management of public servants, it is necessary that an efficient management system be in place. The principles that are to be used by any government should comply with the socioeconomic structure of its country. These principles can be used by political leaders to assess how efficiently ethic management regulations are followed and how well ethics is maintained at every operational level of the government. The Basics of New Public Man agement The overall success of NPM and its businesslike approach depends on further development of management principles to ensure that NPM is effective in sustaining ethical efficiency in public sector. The purpose is to manage integrity in public services within the framework of NPM. ... The three aspects are virtues that need to be developed, rules that need to be duly followed, and focus should be on getting positive results. In order to work within the framework of the triangle, certain drawbacks of public services need to be avoided like overstating the advantages of any proposal, hiding errors, not making maximum usage of established systems, practicing favoritism, not accepting responsibilities for a mistake, etc. In order to do maximum good to the maximum number of people in a community, emphasis should be on doing the right thing according to the set rules (Bowman, et al., 2010, pp.78-79). The principle of NPM includes various elements like consistent increase in efficiency, use of recently developed technologies, public servants with the goal to maintain discipline in their activities, proper implementation of professional management role, and managers being given liberty in performing their tasks (Kolthoff et al., 2007, p.400). However, in spite of the abov e mentioned elements, the businesslike approach of public administration can have a serious negative impact on democracy because such technique is faced by a consistent accountability problem. Even the strong advocators of public entrepreneurship policies in democratic governance cannot ignore the questions of accountability. The elements attached to public entrepreneurs like promoting own virtues, tendency towards non-compliance with rules and regulations, striving for power, taking risks, all these conflict with the democratic theory (Terry, 1998, pp.197-198). Ethics is often defined as acting in accordance with one’s â€Å"good personal conscience† (Somerville, 2004, p.284). This is not always right as doing ethics is a long and complicated process. One aspect of public

Battle Against Evil Essay Example for Free

Battle Against Evil Essay Night by Elie Wiesel and Hangman by Maurice Ogden both make strong points of view towards the battle between mankind and evil. Wiesels personal experiences give the reader very specific and down to the point accounts of the Holocaust. In contrast, Ogden musical poem gives the reader a very indistinguishable idea of what is taking place. One must examine rhyme over and over to be given the full impact of the poem. The battle against evil may be compared on the basis of their narration, their subject, their language usage, and their tone and mood. The narration of both Night and in Hangman can be compared and contrasted in several ways. The first person narrative is the main point of view used in both Night and Hangman. In the last section of Hangman Ogden reverts to the point of view, first person singular as contrasting to the rest of the poem, which is presented in the point of view, first person collective. Another way Night and Hangman contrast themselves is one is an actual real life experience and the other is a fictions poem. The narrator in Hangman and the author in Night differ in how the affected the events of the novel or poem. The narrator in Hangman was more of a witness to the events that happened. Now one must not think that the author of Night did not witness any accounts of evil though. The author of Night participated in many of the brutal acts of violence committed in the concentration camps, in contrast to the narrator of Hangman who only found himself in the action near the conclusion of the poem. The subject that both Hangman and Night revolve around is essentially the same idea; kill anyone you see of a certain group of people. The only difference between the two is that in Night the Jews and only Jews are slaughtered and in Hangman a foreigner, a man with a big mouth, a Jew, and a black man are all killed. The rest of the killings that the hangman committed are not explained in detail, but the reader knows he murdered many more. The use of language in both Night and in Hangman is similar at times, but  then they vary greatly from each other at other times. When the authors are describing the setting it is a time when they are alike. Weisel describes one the concentration camps in Night like this, The camp looked as though it had suffered an epidemic: empty and dead. (Wiesel 45). The next days sun looked mildly down/ On roof and street in our quiet town (Ogden 134). Is how Ogden describes his setting of the third section of his poem. A huge difference in the style of writing between the two works by Weisel and Ogden is that Weisel uses very dull and direct writing and Ogden uses very rhythmic and musical style of writing. Both Wiesel and Ogden set a negative tone in their writings. In Hangman the narrator never does a thing while he watches person after person is being executed hoping that that was the one who served the hangman best. All through out Night Elie never tries to help anyone, except his father. But even in the end he gives up all hope and has the same motive as the rest of the young men who were at the concentration camps, that it is every man for him self. The moods that are set by the authors are negative as well. Both Wiesel and Ogden start there writing off with a depressing and awful occurrence. Such as when Wiesel tells how Mochà © described the concentration camps he saw. Also how Ogden starts off his poem by saying Into our town the Hangman came, /Smelling of gold and blood and flame- (Ogden 134). Both of the works start with a negative tone and mood that pull one closer to the battle of evil. The battle of mankind verse evil is expressed many ways thought out the context of Night and Hangman. It is expressed in the narration with the use of real life experiences and awful occurrences. The subjects of two writings generally deal with the same thing, killing. The language usage, tone, and mood all present examples of the battle against the evil.

Professional Development And Reflective Practice Education Essay

Professional Development And Reflective Practice Education Essay Counsellor self-awareness has been frequently emphasised as a critical professional competency for all counsellors (Remley Herlihy, 2007). To support this key competency, reflective practice is an important means of supporting self-awareness in students and beginning counsellors. This paper will look at some definitions of reflective practice, and how it is far more than just thinking about what has happened. Reflective practice is an approach used in counselling and other health professions where models of reflection offer a way to evaluate applied learning: it is a method of refining skills and expertise by scrutinizing actions while they are being carried out, and then assessing them through discussion, writing exercises such as journalling, similar assessments or by professional supervision. Reflective practice has been developed in a variety of fields over the last few decades, most markedly in professions where interpersonal relationships are central and a high degree of intuitive judgement and decision-making is needed. Because of this, counselling and teaching make great use of reflective practice methods, along with community and youth workers, and allied health professionals. Professional practice was pioneered by Donald Schà ¶n in the 1980s. Several models exist, but basically reflective practice and learning involves growth and development as a professional by considering at an event or incident, understanding it and learning from it. Different models may emphasise different areas of reflective learning, or broaden the process to include a range of peers, communities and professional or learning colleagues Reflective practice is a continuous process and involves the learner considering critical incidents in their life experiences. As defined by Schà ¶n, reflective practice involves thoughtfully considering ones own experiences in applying knowledge to practice while being coached by professionals in the discipline. It has been described as an unstructured, self-regulated process approach directing understanding and learning. Reflective practice as a way of working that involves acting consciously and deliberately on the basis of critical insight and understanding. A reflective practitioner needs to develop an awareness of new ways to look at situations, consider new opportunities and techniques, and finds fresh means to challenge states an circumstances. A reflective practioners is a Iifelong learner, as each experience will shape their practice and approach. A belief which underpins reflective practice is that counsellors should consolidate or frame our understanding. Framing is an inevitable thing: There is no way of perceiving and making sense of reality except through a frame, for the very task of making sense of complex, information-rich situations requires an operation of selectivity and organisation, which is what framing means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Schà ¶n, 1994, p29). To be reflective does not imply disregarding all assumptions and prior opinions. Instead, it is about being aware of what practioners bring with us when we meet with others. Reflective practitioners must be able to put themselves in the shoes of other actors, but and they must also have the complementary ability to consider how their own frames may contribute to problematic situations (Schà ¶n, 1994, p187). Reflective practice is consequently something that takes persistent and constant time, commitment and practice. To help counsellors, particularly as beginning counsellors, this can be where an good supervisor is so important, inspiring the counsellor to grow as a person and a professional, to think and act outside of the box and avoid falling into self-deception or pitfalls. An continuing commitment to education and also an essential basic requirement to aid this growth and development. In reflective practice it is possible to distinguish three different phases. Schà ¶n (1983) distinguished between reflection-in-action (at the same time as the practice takes place) and reflection-on-action (afterwards). reflection on practice which involves stepping back from an experience and exploring (a) what happened (b) what can be learned from it and (b) what should be done next time. This approach is used widely with students in various disciplines who are encouraged to keep a journal of learning experiences and their practice implications. Kolbs learning circle (experience _reflection _ making sense _ planning for action) is a common tool used by supervisors to help students learn this process in systematic form. Secondly, there is reflection in practice which involves being aware and conscious in the here-and-now moment; i.e. during supervision/counselling as its actually happening. This is, in some respects, an advanced-level application of reflection on practice and essential for those engaged in counselling and supervision approaches that involve working primarily with immediacy (e.g. psychotherapy: recognising transference, projection, parallel process etc.). It is also especially valuable for people working in crisis situations where conditions change rapidly and the ability to think continually on ones feet is critical. the difference between reflection on and reflection in is, in essence, the difference between What happened thenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦? and What is happening nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦?. The practice dimension reminds us that for learning-through-reflection to become genuinely transformational, it needs to be applied. The role of supervisor, therefore, involves not only helping the counsellor to learn through reflection but to support application of that learning to enhance his or her counselling practice. When these dimensions are drawn together in continual process, the counsellor can be described as a reflective practitioner. According to Schon (1983), reflection-in-action is a rigorous professional process involving acknowledgement of and reflection on uncertainty and complexity in ones practice leading to a legitimate form of professional knowing (p.69). Reflection-in-action is defined by Schà ¶n as the ability of professionals to think what they are doing while they are doing it. the only way to manage the indeterminate zones of (professional) practice is through the ability to think on your feet, and apply previous experience to new situations. This is essential work of the professional, and requires the capability of reflection-in-action. Schà ¶n also offers his thoughts on how this kind of professional is produced. He describes a number of key concepts: The Reflective Practicum. a term for the educational setting, or environment: A practicum is a setting designed for the task of learning a practice. This is where students learn by doing, with the help of coaching. The practicum is reflective in two senses: it is intended to help students become proficient in a kind of reflection-in-action; and, when it works well, it involves a dialogue of coach and student that takes the form of reciprocal reflection-in-action.    Tacit knowledge: his comes from the work of Michael Polanyi3. He describes for example the remarkable way we are able to pick out a familiar face in a crowd. This does not require thinking about, or a systematic analysis of features. We cannot verbalise how this is done, and so the knowledge is unspoken or tacit.   Knowing-in-action derives from the idea of tacit knowledge. It refers to the kinds of knowledge revealed in the way we carry out tasks and approach problems. The knowing is in the action. It is revealed by the skilful execution of the performance we are characteristically unable to make it verbally explicit. This tacit knowledge is derived from research, and also from the practitioners own reflections and experience.   Reflection-in-action: reflection that occurs whilst a problem is being addressed, in what Schon calls the action-present. It is a response to a surprise where the expected outcome is outside of our knowing-in-action. The reflective process is at least to some degree conscious, but may not be verbalised. Reflection-in-action is about challenging our assumptions (because knowing-in-action forms the basis of assumption). It is about thinking again, in a new way, about a problem we have encountered.   Reflection-on-action: reflection after the event. Consciously undertaken, and often documented.   Willing suspension of disbelief: describes the process of entering into an experience, without judgment, in order to learn from it. Schà ¶n uses the term in relation to the idea of learning by doing. One cannot will oneself to believe until one understands. But understanding often will only arise from experience. So it is necessary first to allow the experience to happen.   Operative attention: listening and absorbing information, in a state of readiness to apply and experiment with the new information. An everyday example would be when we listen to directions on how to find an obscure address. This participation is important in the learning process a learner needs to be already engaged in activity for further information to have meaning. This in turn is partly derived from Wittgensteins5 contention that the meaning of an operation can only be learned through its performance. Hence mechanical or imperfect performance of an activity prepares the learner for new information (feedback) on that activity, in order to develop understanding.   The ladder of reflection: Schà ¶n speaks of a vertical dimension of analysis that can happen in the dialogue between learner and teacher. To move up a rung on the ladder involves reflecting on an activity. To move down a rung is to move from reflection to experimentation. This ladder has more than two rungs it is also possible to reflect on the process of reflection. The importance of this concept is in its potential for helping out with stuck situations in learning. Being able to move to another level may assist coach and learner to achieve together what Schà ¶n refers to as convergence of meaning.   Professional reflective practice is an intricate and challenging activity. It takes time, commitment and support, ongoing professional development and supervision to mature. It should leads to new action and a confirmation of existing actions. Reflective practice needs to be more than just thoughtful practice, it needs to be a continual process of turning practice into educational opportunities. Also very useful in expressing an approach to reflective practice is Kolbs experiential learning theory. Kolb (1984), a leader in the contemporary experiential education movement, defined experiential learning as the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience (p. 38). His model of experiential learning was based on the works of developmental theorists John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget. Ideally there is a learning cycle or spiral where the learner passed through a four stage learning cycle: first a cycle of experiencing, then of reflecting, thirdly thinking, and finally acting. Immediate or concrete experiences lead to observations and reflections. These reflections are then assimilated (absorbed and translated) into abstract concepts with implications for action, which the person can actively test and experiment with, which in turn enable the creation of new experiences. As learners continue to have new concrete experiences, by reflecting and thinking about them, we can plan, test hypotheses, and have a positive impact on new experiences. Kolbs learning circle (experience, reflection, making sense, then planning for action) is a practical tool to help students learn (Wright, 202) . (a) concrete experience, (b) reflective observation, (c) abstract conceptualization, and (d) active experimentation. The process of experiential education and learning begins with the concrete experience itself (e.g., participating as a member in a small group) and continues with intentional and guided reflection on or debriefing of that experience. Abstract conceptualization represents both the integration of learning experiences and the generation of new ideas. This might include identifying and understanding the monopolizing behaviour on the part of a group member and brainstorming ways to address it in the next group session. Through active experimentation, these new ideas can be tested and explored. the process of reflection is one of the necessary stages of learning (Kolb 1984; Bennett-Levy 2006) and therefore Part of clinical wisdom is reflection on practice. Supervision provides the reflective space in which to consider the difficulties and particulars of counselling, within a supportive relationship. Supervision provides the opportunity to develop skills and understanding, and provides an avenue for comparing different approaches to managing and conceptualising client problems. Supervision can provided the reflective space to help the supervisee learn about their own thoughts and feelings, and the effect of self on clients. As a beginning counsellor, there a variety of excellent refection strategies to assist in personal and professional growth and development, to help improve counselling skills, and to prevent burn out and being overwhelmed by worries and concerns of clients. Appropriate and effective supervision (as well as group and peer supervision), journalling, feedback from clients and supervisors, measures of client progress, and continued education. Padesky (1996: 273-4) wrote: The art and skill of therapy are best developed in a therapist who consistently analyses and learns from both positive and negative client feedback and outcome.

Essay on Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness -- comparison compare

The Tragic Fall in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   In Achebe's Things Fall Apart and Conrad Heart of Darkness, the role of Africa is intertwined. It is seen as extremely primitive and the African's belief system is belittled. The two heroes in the novels also are very similar, and most especially in one aspect. They both experience a downfall. This is a vital theme throughout both books. Aristotle would say it is the fall of two "tragic heroes". However, even though these two characters share these similar incidences, the readers are given several different perceptions of one event. The colonization of the Europeans paid a heavy toll on the Africans and their way of life. The Europeans are consistently portrayed at the outsiders. Okonkwo is also quite familiar with Africa, yet Marlow was not. In his eyes, the Africans are seen as the outsiders. Okonkwo's father, Unoka, was seen as a person who was very lazy and who made no contribution to their society. This made Okonkwo hate him and any trait of any kind that correlated wit h that of his father. One way that this is displayed is that "Okonkwo never showed emotion openly, unless it be the emotion of anger. To show emotion was a sign of weakness, the only thing worth demonstrating was strength" (Achebe 28). Okonkwo's greatest weakness was fear, yet this a contradiction in it's own terms. His fear of fear played such a big part of his adult life that it came back to haunt him. He never wanted to be considered a victim. Yet, ironically, he was only setting himself up to self-destruction and tragedy. Because of fear, it drives him pull his machete and strike a blow, first killing Ikemefuna and later the Court Messenger. Finally, this drives him to be physically abus... ...d, but instead because he could have been so great. Instead, he becomes cruel, unfeeling, and greedy. The true tragedy is that Kurtz did not become the great man that he could have been. Okonkwo and Kurtz were two men from the opposite ends of the spectrum. Their beliefs did not coincide, but they did have one aspect in common. They both brought themselves to the point of a tragic fall. For some reason or another, they both had to leave their homes. This is the marking of their fall. As soon as they do leave, the downfall begins, and it does not stop until there is nothing else to lose.    Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1959. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1988. Daniel, Patsy J. ConradÕs Heart of Darkness. Explicator. 54(3):164-165.      

Cat In The Rain Essays -- essays research papers

Cat in the Rain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The short story, “Cat in the Rain';, by Ernest Hemingway describes the stereotypical relationship between two married American tourists, one of whom is striving to recover a “poor kitty';. This seemingly mundane plot becomes symbolic and purposeful as the reader gazes beneath the surface to find the true intent of the short story. There are three characters in Hemingway’s story which help convey these meaningful analogies; in addition, the cat, the American woman, and the American man all represent something different in our present American society. The story is set in Europe and involves two foreigners for a special reason. They are isolated in a sense, forcing their true emotions and characteristics to shine ...

Forty Studies That Changed Psychology Essay

Something important in psychology is to differentiate between what is considered normal and abnormal. Psychologists need to do this to decide what to diagnose as a mental illness, and the treatment for this mental illness. Unfortunately, for everyone involved, it is not always easy to discern between what is normal behavior, sometimes called effective psychological functioning, and abnormal behavior, which could possibly be the result of a psychological disorder. To help determine between, psychologists use a few decisive factors. This includes the context in which someone observes the behavior. In relation to context, it means that the situation matters because in one situation a behavior may be normal, but not necessarily in all situations. Another factor is the persistence of the behavior or how often, over time, the behavior continues or occurs. How far, from the accepted social norm, the behavior deviates is also an important factor. Whether or not someone is aware of his or her own psychological difficulties is subjective distress. This subjective distress is often a great help to mental health professionals in making a psychological diagnosis. When a person finds it impossible to be satisfied with life due to psychological problems, this is considered a psychological handicap. Effect on functioning could be considered the bottom line in psychological diagnosis: the extent to which the behaviors in question interfere with a person’s ability to live the life that he or she desires and that society will accept. These â€Å"symptoms† and characteristics of mental illness all involve judgments on the part of psychologists, psychiatrists, and others. So these mental health professionals still need to answer to important questions. Are mental health professionals truly able to distinguish between the mentally ill and the mentally healthy? In addition, what are the consequences of mistakes? These are the questions addressed by David Rosenhan in his study. Rosenhan questioned whether the characteristics that lead to psychological diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the in which the people diagnosing find the patients. He reasoned that if the training mental health professionals have received for diagnosing mental illness are adequate, then those professionals should be able to distinguish correctly. Rosenhan proposed that one way to test mental health professionals’ ability to correctly categorize would be to admit normal people to psychiatric facilities to see if they would be categorized as healthy. If these â€Å"pseudo patients† behaved in the hospital as they would on the outside, and if they were not discovered to be healthy/normal, this would be evidence that diagnoses of the mentally ill are tied more to the situation than to the patient. Rosenhan recruited eight subjects to serve as pseudo patients. The subjects’ mission was to try to be admitted to twelve different psychological hospitals. All of the pseudo patients followed the same instructions. They called the hospital and made an appointment. Upon arrival at the hospital, they complained of hearing voices that said specific things. Other than this one thing, all subjects acted completely normal and gave very truthful information to the interviewer other than personal information. All the subjects were admitted to the various hospitals, and all but one was admitted with a diagnosis of â€Å"schizophrenia. Once inside the hospital, the pseudo patients simply behaved normally. The subjects had no idea of when they would be allowed to leave the hospital. It was up to them to gain their release by convincing the hospital staff that they were healthy enough to be discharged. All of the subjects took notes of their experiences. At first, they tried to conceal this activity, but soon it was clear to all that this secrecy was unnecessary, since this was seen as just another symptom of their illness. They all wanted to be released as soon as possible, so they behaved as model patients, cooperating with the staff and accepting all medications (which were not swallowed, but flushed down the toilet). The key finding in this study was that not one of the pseudo patients was detected by anyone on the hospital staff. When they were released, their mental health status was recorded in their files as â€Å"schizophrenia in remission. † There were other interesting findings and observations. While the hospital’s staff of doctors, nurses, and attendants failed to detect the subjects, the other patients could not be so easily fooled. Contacts between the patients and the staff were minimal and often bizarre. One of the tests made by the pseudo patients in the study was to approach various staff members and attempt to make verbal contact by asking common, normal questions. Rosenhan’s study demonstrated that normal people cannot be distinguished from the mentally ill in a hospital setting. According to Rosenhan, this is because of the overwhelming influence of the psychiatric hospital setting on the staff’s judgment of the individual’s behavior. Once patients are admitted to such a facility, there is a strong tendency for them to be viewed in ways that remove all individuality. The attitude created is that if they are there, then they must be crazy. More important is what Rosenhan refers to as the stickiness of the label. That is, when a patient is labeled as schizophrenic, it becomes his or her central characteristic or personality trait. From the moment, the label is given and the staff knows it, they perceive all of the patient’s behavior as stemming from that label. The hospital staff tended to ignore the situational pressures on patients and saw only the behavior relevant to the pathological traits assigned to the patients. Remember that all the subjects gave honest accounts of their pasts and families. The results pointed out two crucial factors. First, it appeared that the sane could not be distinguished from the insane in mental hospital settings. Second, Rosenhan demonstrated the danger of diagnostic labels. Once a person is labeled as, having a certain psychological condition that label overcomes all of his or her other characteristics. The worst part of this sort of treatment is that it can become self-confirming. That is, if a person is treated in a certain way consistently over time, he or she may begin to behave that way. Out of Rosenhan’s work grew greater care in diagnostic procedures and increased awareness of the dangers of applying labels to patients.

Advanced Manufacturing Processes and Materials (Turbocharger)

Turbocharger is nothing but a gas compressor, which is kept in use to forced-induction of the internal combustion engine. It is a derived form of supercharger. The fundamental function of the turbocharger is to enhance the density of the air which is entering in the engine. Density is increased to produce more power.Compressor, turbine and shaft are the core and essential parts of a turbocharger. Compressor of the turbocharger got power by a turbine and this is driven by exhaust gases of the engine. Direct mechanical drive is not used like many other superchargers.In early days or in the days of the invention of turbochargers, it is referred as turbosuperchargers because turbochargers were derived from the superchargers by combining a turbine in the accessories of superchargers. Compressor was there in the superchargers, but turbine was not present in superchargers.In turbochargers, a fan pump of small radius comes into the driving condition with the help of the gases which get exhau sted by the engine. The main assembly parts of the turbochargers means turbine, compressor and shaft are attached in such a way that turbine and compressor shares a shaft and get attached with it.The turbine is used to alter the exhaust heat and pressure into the rotational force and this rotational force drives the compressor. Compressor increases the pressure of the air and this pressurized air enters into the cylinders on each intake stroke. This in turn increases the volumetric efficiency of the engine and this is done by solving one of its cardinal limitations.Only downward strokes of a piston are used in naturally aspirated automobile engine, but the pressure of the atmosphere can not be increased more than 1 atm. This thing creates a pressure difference limit in the naturally aspirated automobile engines, which limits the amount of airflow entering the combustion chamber.But turbocharger eliminates this limit because it is designed in such manner that it increases the pressur e at a particular point from where air enters into the cylinder. This in turn maintains pressure into the combustion chamber, which increases the revolution speed. This increasing speed produces high power and torque at the output of the engine.But there is a limitation on the pressure in the turbocharger. Pressure should not cross its critical limit, otherwise explosion and physical damage may occur in the engine. To avoid such type of conditions an arrangement has been made there in the turbocharger. In this type situation intake pressure is being controlled by venting excess gas and this facility is being provided by wastegate functionality.

IT Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Strategic Planning - Essay Example As a human resource manager in the organization, it is important to develop the best IT strategic planning. It will align the organization’s daily activities with the human resource department. A good IT strategic plan will help the business fulfill its general business strategy.The business-driven priorities are important for a company to develop efficient IT strategic plans. For instance, if the most important priority is to increase sales targets, the priority could be used to create the following year’s technology. The human resource manager has to interview various business leaders in order to the technology’s plans.The organization has key business processes. The company builds and provides access to services. The company identifies high-quality goods and services. The identification begins at the lower stage of the company, up to the top level. The organization then supports teaching and learning of its employees. Such case is successful when the organizat ion provides funds and leaves for extension of studies. Additionally, the organization enables research. The top management has developed collections of research materials and provided experts who offer a high level of advice to the employees.The company has created an optimum business environment. It has ensured the customers enjoy the highest level of services. The management provides the employees with enhanced working spaces and environment that meet a variety of working styles and encourages working and research.

Problem discription Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problem discription - Assignment Example To achieve this objective, we will utilize the LCB Career Service Center to identify the programs that can help management students apply the skills they have learnt as they prepare for their prospective careers. This memo will outline the need for practical experience for the LCB management students, the programs that will deal with the need and the motive of changing the method of meeting the need. Management students in would have advanced knowledge in their careers by having the exposure to the practical areas and participating in environments which offer them real-life application. The undergraduate students who spend some time in practical career fields are more likely to grasp the actual representations of their career which will help them make informed decisions when choosing their major. Class work gives the students the knowledge but the field gives them the practical perspective of the knowledge learnt in class. Practical knowledge helps students get employment faster after graduation because if experience. This is because such individuals are perceived to able to; The LCB Career Service Center provides programs efficiently designed to provide pre-business management students with practical skills in their career field so that they are able to make wise career choices. Some clubs in the university help business students gain the experience of the practical world in the business sector. Such clubs are Alpha Kappa Psi and Beta Alpha Psi. Joining these clubs would give students the exposure they need to familiarize with the practical world. This program helps Pre-Business students in making decision for selection of their majors although those already accepted in their major can also use it to increase their chances of employment after graduation. Here, students spend time with a professional from their fields of interest so that they can understand the job well from the practical perspective. LCB Career

Introduction to Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to Management Accounting - Essay Example In this project the various motivational theories have been discussed. The impact of motivation on budgets has also been discussed with the help of empirical evidences. The concept of been budgeting and beyond budgeting has also been discussed in the light of motivation and its implication on the budgeting. Theories of motivation The term motivation was derived from the word mover which is a Latin word and means to move. Motivation can also be referred to the word motive which can be described as an objective which makes a person move on a particular direction. Motivation can be defined as a process by which a person directs all his efforts persistently to attain his goal. As per Robbins motivation includes three things they are intensity, persistence and direction. Intensity signifies the level of effort given, direction channelizes that effort into organizational benefit and persistence signifies the time period through which one gives the effort continuously (Robbins, Judge and Sa nghi, 2010, p.71). There are various theories of motivation among them the most important ones are mentioned below:- Maslow’s need hierarchy motivational theory: The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs motivational theory is the oldest motivational theory. ... The physiological needs and safety needs are considered as lower order needs and the need for self esteem, social and self actualization are known as higher order needs. The physiological needs include the basic needs which are required for survival like need for food, water, shelter etc. The safety need signifies the need for being protected from any type of physical or mental harm. Once these two needs are satisfied then the individual tries to satisfy the social needs. This type of need signifies the need of friendship, belongingness or being accepted by the society. This is the third need of the hierarchy. Once the social needs are satisfied the individuals strive for esteem needs which signifies the need to be respected, having recognition in the society, status etc. The last need of the hierarchy is the need for self actualization. The managers have to identify the level of need which the individual is having and then motivate the person to fulfil that need or the need beyond t hat level (Brooks, 2007, p.55). McGregor theory of X and Y: McGregor gave the motivational theory as the theory of X and Y. As per theory X the individual are classified as being lazy and unwilling to work on their own. These individuals are driven by the lower order need that is the needs of existence and the security needs. To make this type of individuals persons work coercion should be practiced. The theory X considers the negative trait of the individuals. On the other hand theory Y considers the positive traits of the individuals. As per theory Y individual are active and enjoys their work in the organization as any other work like their hobbies. These persons are driven

Compare between the three models of international human rights Essay

Compare between the three models of international human rights (statist, cosmopolitan, and internationalist) based on the streng - Essay Example The major issues that these theories seek to address include civil wars, conflict prevention as well as resolution. Humanitarian interventions which have not been fully explored as far as human rights models are concerned .However; it is an area that greatly provides strong themes as far as human rights models are concerned. Statism is one of the models that are very important as far as human rights are concerned in the international regime. Under this model, it is the responsility of the nation to ensure that human rights are adhered to. This model is similar to that of internationalist and cosmopolitanism2. They both hold to the treaties of universal declaration of human rights universalism. The treaty states that all nations should ensure that the needs of their citizens are met. This model has one weakness; it is the state that takes precedence before any human right can be recognized. Never the less, statism is seen as the most appropriate as far as issues regarding politics are concerned.Statism has also resulted into stronger states harassing weaker ones.Therefore,as much as statist is an international regime that looks at the rights of citizens, internationalism and cosmopolitanism looks at the welfare of citizens of a nation with more than statism Statism is very conservative. As a result, it leads to impassivity in debates regarding humanitarian interventions. ... The only challenge is that it does not fully support interventions as is seen in cosmopolitanism and internationalism. Internationalism model on the other hand corresponds to international theory. Internationalism and statist acknowledge that states are central as well as sovereign. Internationalism further focuses on how relations between states are regulated by international communal practices.3 This aspect is not well manifested in statism.Statists are greatly oppose states that that encourage good relations between member states. As a result, they don’t have feeling for war victims or nations that have witnessed serious crimes against humanity. According to internationalists, if the recipient state authorizes an intervention, they highly encourage it.Statism on the other hand does not fully welcome interventions .However, both statism and internationalism were used during the First World War and are still applicable today. In exceptional cases, statism allows interventions especially a government collapses. All the three models of human rights face major challenges. For example, they have to be approved by a national government of any country before they can be applied to any nation.Thus; the main priority in both cases is the rights the states have as far as any law is concerned4. Thereafter, the issues of human rights as far as international laws are concerned then follow later. This comparable conclusions means that there is no major difference in relation to some issues of international contexts. Cosmopolitanism is also a human right model that issued worldwide. Under this model, the international system looks keenly to the factors that affect individual members

Financial Management in Nonprofit Organizations Essay - 1

Financial Management in Nonprofit Organizations - Essay Example The researcher found some key differences between the financial systems of both types of organizations. Those differences were mainly related to the sources of finance and its use by the organizations. The main difference that gives rise to all other differences is the motive of both organizations. The motive of the owners of for-profit organizations is to earn higher amounts of money to bring it in personal use. On the other hand, the motive of the management of not-for-profit organizations is to help people and society in resolving key issues. Such organizations get money to use it for the betterment of society. From the study, the researcher concluded that although there are some key differences between for-profit and not-for-profit organizations regarding sources and use of money, but a large number of for-profit organizations also show corporate social responsibility and spend some part of profit on social causes. The researcher also recommended the management committees of not- for-profit organizations to create and implement a proper check and balance system which should eliminate the chances of corruption by ensuring the use of money for social causes in a transparent manner. Introduction Financial management system of nonprofit organizations is generally different from that of for-profit organizations. ... In this paper, we will discuss some of the core issues regarding financial management systems of both types of organizations. The issues will include sources of funds, use of debt, and organizational objectives. We will discuss these issues in order to find some differences between working and financial systems of both types of organizations. Sources of Funds Source of funds is one of the main differences between the financial management systems of both types of organizations. Sources of funds refer to the way through which organizations get money to carryout business activities. There are different sources of funds for both types of organizations. For-Profit Organizations Private for-profit organizations get their funds in shape of profits that they get from their business activities. These organizations do businesses related to different industries and get huge figures of revenue every year. Some companies belong to construction, pharmaceutical, and garments industry, whereas some belong to other industries. Apart from receiving funds in form of profits, these companies also get funds from banks in the form of bank loans. These organizations have to pay back the loan to the banks in a given amount of time at agreed interest rates. If they do not do so, they become defaulters. However, in case of nonprofit organizations, there is no such issue because nonprofit organizations do not get loan from anywhere. For-profit organizations manage proper financial statements to know from where they have received funds and to whom they have to pay back the funds. Government organizations, on the other hand, receive funds from federal and provincial governments to run business activities. The profits are sent to the government to use for development

A Report and Analysis of Dont Fire Them-Fire Them Up Essay Example for Free

A Report and Analysis of Dont Fire Them-Fire Them Up Essay In many cases, the principles that lead to success in the business world translate very well to other disciplines, such as military leadership and operations. An excellent example of such principles can be found in Frank Pacetta’s â€Å"Don’t Fire Them, Fire Them Up†, a work that is considered by many to be a pivotal piece of literature in the field of business management, more specifically sales management, as well as any other endeavor which requires the ability to motivate, lead and encourage others, in addition to one’s self. This paper will present an overview and discussion of Pacetta’s book; moreover, this paper will also discuss how the principles put forth in â€Å"Don’t Fire Them, Fire Them Up† have relevance in military settings as well. Upon conclusion of this research, the reader will not only better understand the mindset of Frank Pacetta, but will also hopefully find motivation to read his work for themselves and utilize his principles for their own enrichment and to guide and mentor those to look to them for leadership and support. An Overview of the Book Before a meaningful discussion of the key elements of Frank Pacetta’s book can take place, it is important to take a closer look at the book as a whole. In â€Å"Don’t Fire Them, Fire Them Up†, Frank Pacetta uses his own personal experiences as a sales manager for Xerox Corporation as the template for the story he is telling and the concepts he is sharing with the reader. Having found himself with the ironic responsibility of improving the worst performing sales region for one of the world’s most profitable corporations, Pacetta realized early on that his work was certainly cut out for him. To his credit, he also came to an early realization that the first instinct to fire the entire sales force was not the appropriate course of action; rather, motivation was needed for the salespeople and support staff, as they were not deliberately poor performers or underachievers, but in Pacetta’s own words â€Å"the plane was on autopilot and falling fast† (Pacetta, 1994), meaning that the sales department overall was failing tremendously, but apathy ruled the day, whether due to fear of inappropriate actions or perhaps even a self fulfilling fatalism. Whatever the case, Pacetta chose to lead by example, which is clearly illustrated by his concepts of The Power of Personal Example and Being Who You Say You Are (Pacetta, 1994). In other words, he practiced what he preached, and in the final result of his actions, the failing department he entered was transformed into an effective team environment that became on of Xerox’s most profitable territories. While Pacetta started the transformation by introspection, he did not achieve this success single handedly; rather, he found the best in each of his team members and honed it into what was needed for the well being of the entire operation. Perhaps most importantly, Pacetta reached the realization that people are in fact the organization’s best asset. Perhaps the author himself said it best with this statement:† What folks need desperately are people who believe in them, and are committed to their success, and people who will do everything possible to empower them to fulfill and live their dreams (Pacetta, 1994). The Author’s Maverick Attitude The subtitle of this book, so to speak, is â€Å"A Maverick’s Guide to Motivate Yourself and Your Team†, which in retrospect embodies the leadership by example and individual motivation that Pacetta used in his own experiences, which ultimately formed the backbone of his book. The â€Å"Maverick Attitude†, so to speak, is worthy of note and discussion because of the important contributions it made to the book and the success story around which the plot was developed. Someone once said that desperate times call for desperate measures; faced with a quickly dying sales department in what could be a promising and profitable territory with the proper cultivation, Pacetta was not afraid to step out of the conventional comfort zone for the sake of better results in a sort of tough-love situation. One of Pacetta’s key philosophies is to tell his personnel where they are headed, for better or for worse. Through a creative combination of compassion and candor, he was able to tell his staff that while there were things that they had done quite well, there was a problem that held the potential to lead to the destruction of the department from the inside out. In this way, Pacetta was able to project the understanding that some possibly painful actions needed to be taken for a better end result, but each individual properly understood that they were not being abandoned, and moreover, were being retained and mentored because of their past contributions and future potential. Application of Pacetta’s Techniques in a Military Environment Moving from a topical discussion of â€Å"Don’t Fire Them, Fire Them Up† to actually putting its principles into practice, it is valuable to consider the application of Pacetta’s techniques to a military environment. When the book’s concepts are applied to the military environment, there are several very important philosophies that would serve military leaders and their personnel quite well. At the risk of stating the obvious, perhaps the most apparent and valuable of these is the afore mentioned adage that the personnel of a leader are perhaps his or her best asset. Even the greatest of leaders and motivators would be set up to fail without reliable and motivated people within their command who, properly led, would make endless contributions to the welfare and effectiveness of the unit. As the old saying goes, the chain in final analysis is only as strong as its weakest link. Leadership by example is also worthy of extraction from Pacetta’s book and application into military management. Such attributes as performance under pressure, courage, perseverance and integrity are best learned by seeing them in practice, and as the most visible member of a military unit, the leader is looked to as a pacesetter for subordinates. Without strong examples of leadership, even the best laid plans may be doomed to fail. Lastly, a concept which may stretch the boundaries of military order but is noteworthy nonetheless is that of not being afraid to be a trendsetter in leadership, a quality which Pacetta calls being a maverick (Pacetta, 1994). This does not mean insubordination or dereliction of duty, but rather the unique ability to use one’s own initiative to achieve goals and objectives while still remaining within the boundaries of regulations and acceptable practices. While this may sound like a contradiction in terms, it has been proven to be effective in the world of business, and should neatly lend itself to military matters. Conclusion In his book, Frank Pacetta not only shares a classic, real-life tale of triumph over adversity, but also a story of the value of the individual, the team, and the leadership of both. Through actual anecdotes and intelligent analysis, â€Å"Don’t Fire Them, Fire Them Up† makes valuable points for the executive and Admiral alike. In closing, the researcher hopes that the spirit of Pacetta’s teachings carries through in this paper as well; further, it is hoped that the readers of this paper will take the time to read and practice what can be found within the pages of Pacetta’s classic work of business literature. References Pacetta, Frank (1994). Dont Fire Them, Fire Them Up. New York: Simon Schuster.

Ethylene glycol

Ethylene glycol Summary Ethylene Glycol is a much sought after organic compound belonging to the diols family. It is colourless, odourless and is miscible in water and most organic compounds. It was first synthesized by a French chemist, Charles Wurtz, in 1859. Even though it did not gain commercial importance at the time, during World War I, the Germans used ethylene glycol as a substitute for glycerol in explosives (ethy). During and following World War II, ethylene glycol was extensively used as an anti-freeze for engines and machinery in general. This led to an increase in production of ethylene glycol. By the early 1970s, demand for ethylene glycol rose dramatically as it used in the manufacture of polyester fibre, with a further rise in levels of consumption spurred on due to phasing out of glass bottles in favour of PET bottles. In the year 2007, there were 99 ethylene glycol plants globally and the total amount of ethylene glycol produced that year was estimated to be roughly 17.8 million tons (icis ). The demand for ethylene glycol, MEG in particular is expected to rise due higher demand from industries in China. In comparison to existing ethylene glycol plants, the plant design that is discussed in this report would be attractive to a producer of ethylene glycol on a small to medium scale, catering to a local market. The plant discussed in this report aims to produce 10,500 tonnes of MEG and 4,500 tonnes of DEG, and commercially viable amounts of TEG and TetEG every year. This plant will be in operation for 8000 hours per year. For this production target to be realised it is necessary to have a ethylene oxide flow rate of 1493.56 kg/h to be fed into the reactor. A crude ethylene glycol mixture is produced by the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide with excess water in a tubular type reactor operating at 1950C and a pressure of 21.44 bar. In the reactor all the ethylene oxide is converted into the four types of ethylene glycols, with the formation of MEG being the most favored. For every 1 mole of ethylene oxide in the feed stream there are 6 moles of water and 0.269 moles of recycled MEG. This ratio is strictly maintained so as to optimize ethylene glycol conversion to MEG, the most favored product and DEG, the second most favored product. The resulting mixture of water and glycols is then fed to a flash drum operating at atmospheric pressure, where almost one third of the water in the product stream is removed along with some MEG. The removed water and MEG is recycled and sent back to a holding vessel. After the flash drum the water-glycol mixture undergoes a series of distillation cycles so as to separate out the components of the ethylene glycol s and rid them of water. The first distillation column, T-01 operates 2000C and 1 atm. During this distillation process nearly 99% of all remaining water is removed and recycled. The highly concentrated ethylene glycol mixture is them pumped to a second distillation column, T-02 operating at 2350C and 0.8 atm, (vacuum). Here 99% of all MEG entering the column is removed and a significant amount of MEG is recycled. However most of the MEG is sent to storage at a rate of 1312.86 kg/h. The remaining mixture of glycols enter distillation column, T-03, where all DEG is removed and sent to storage at a rate of 562.50 kg/h. The fourth and final distillation column operating at 2600C and 0.8 bar removes nearly 99% of available TetEG. The remaining glycol mixture contains TetEG, is extracted using a tar sill. This process produces 2.58 kg/h of waste largely made up of TetEG. Since the reactions within the reactor produce a lot of heat, water is pumped into the reactor at a rate of 965.5373 k g/h, resulting in the formation of steam at a pressure of 6 bar. Due to the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide in water, some water is lost in the reaction and as well as in storage of the ethylene glycol products. To keep this process running at its optimum, a fresh water feed of 489.50 kg/h is added to the process. Literature Survey Even though Charles Wurtz had derived ethylene glycol by the hydrolysis of ethylene glycol diacetate in the year 1859, its commercial importance wasnt realized until during World War 1, during which the Germans had started an industrial process to produce ethylene glycol to substitute for glycerol in explosives. And only in 1930 did the production of ethylene glycol via industrial chemistry really take off, since it was used as anti-freeze for machinery. The demand for anti-freeze shot up markedly during and after World War 2. As more motor vehicles and machinery were built and sold during the years following World War 2, demand for ethylene glycol grew along with production. Between the late 1960s and earl 1970s there was a renewed and greater demand for ethylene glycol, due to the manufacture of polyesters fibers. From then onwards to the early 1990s production of ethylene glycol fluctuated. The demand for ethylene glycol would go on to increase throughout the 1990s and 2000s due t o the increase in the amount of plastic, especially PET bottles being manufactured. The increase in demand was further boosted by the rapid growth of Asian economies, namely India and China. China accounts for nearly a third of the global MEG demand. Global production of ethylene glycol in 2007 was estimated at 17.8m tones (PCI). According to the Merchant Research Consulting Ltd. rising demand from polyester fiber and PET resin markets means that one to two world-scale EG plants are needed every year. The cost of ethylene oxide feedstock is also expected to increase due to demand in the ethylene glycol sector as well as demand for other ethylene oxide derivatives. New plants are being built in the Middle East to produce low-cost feedstocks, which are expected to cater to the American and Asian markets. Presently, the commercial applications of ethylene glycol are numerous and range from the traditional use as an anti-freeze to more hi-tech uses such as the manufacture of capacitors. Some of the applications are polyester resins for fiber, PET containers, and film applications; all-weather automotive antifreeze and coolants, defrosting and deicing aircraft; heat-transfer solutions for coolants for gas compressors, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems; water-based formulations such as adhesives, latex paints, and asphalt emulsions; manufacture of capacitors; and unsaturated polyester resins (ethy). MEG is the most widely sought after of the commercially available ethylene glycols, and in the year 2007 it accounted for 90% of all ethylene glycol produced (icis). In the year 2007, nearly 82% of all MEG produced was bought by companies in the polyester manufacturing business. The demand for polyester stems from the Asian region, China in particular, where it is used in the textile industry, and this has led to a 5-6% increase in production of MEG per year. Demand for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle resin has been growing strongly globally since the beverage business phasing out the use of glass bottles and replacing with the more durable PET bottles. Demand for MEG for the manufacture of anti-freeze was at 12%, and demand is expected to decrease slightly over the years largely due recycling and substitution by propylene glycol-based antifreeze. Apart from its use in the manufacture of polyurethanes, DEG is also used in the treatment of corks, glue, paper and cellophane. DEG along with TEG is used in the dehydration of natural gas, an area where demand for DEG and TEG is set to rise over the years. DEG and TEG have excellent hygroscopic properties and along with their low volatility are best suited for applications such as dehydration of natural gas and as a dehumidifier in air conditioning systems. According to research and industry analysts, PCI, there were 72 MEG producing companies in 2007 operating 99 plants spread across 31 countries. Of these, the top 10 producers account for close to 50% of global ethylene glycol capacity. The top producers were Dow and Nan Ya Plastics Corp with 1.75 million tons each while Jubail United Petrochemical Co was the third largest with 1.5 million tons. Other major producers include Shell, a South Korean company Honam, Equate, Reliance (India), Sabic (Saudi Arabia), ExxonMobil, Equistar, Old World Industries. Late last year prices of MEG were trading at $860-875/ton CFR, cost and freight included in Asian trade. By the beginning of the year with news that plants in Saudi Arabia will be shutting down for maintenance and increasing stockpiles in Chinese ports, led to a bullish rally during trade, sending the price of MEG to $970-980/ton. Towards the end of February, with the beginning of the Chinese New Year holidays, a period of relaxed trade, and with the Saudi Arabian plants coming back online, the price of MEG showed signs of returning to pre January levels (icis). However in the short to medium term prices of MEG are expected drop due to new more efficient plants being built which would result in slightly more MEG being produced that demand. Therefore this possibility of over abundant supply may drive MEG prices slightly lower than $860-875/ton (PCI). Ethylene glycol used to be manufactured by the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide (EO) which was produced via ethylene chlorohydrin but this method has been superseded by a direct oxidation route. The EO is first produced by the oxidation of ethylene in the presence of oxygen or air and a silver oxide catalyst. A crude ethylene glycol mixture is then produced by the hydrolysis of EO with water under pressure. The water-glycol mixture is fed to evaporators where the water is recovered and recycled. Fractional distillation under vacuum is used to separate the monoethylene glycol from the diethylene and triethylene glycols. Mitsubishi Chemical has developed a catalytic process that employs a phosphorous-based catalyst for converting ethylene oxide to monoethylene glycol (MEG) with little by-product formation. Shell has subsequently acquired exclusive rights to the Mitsubishi Chemical process and licenses a combined EO/MEG technology as an integrated Omega (only mono-ethylene glycol advanced) process package. The Omega process is claimed to have a MEG selectivity of over 99%, compared to 90% for conventional, non-catalytic processes. It is claimed to have lower capital costs due to the elimination of purification and handling equipment for by-products. Operating costs are also reduced as it uses much less water lowering utility and water treatment costs. The first plant to use the Omega process is Lotte Daesans 400,000 tonne/year unit at Daesan, Korea, started up in May 2008. Shell plans to use the process in a 750,000 tonne/year plant in Singapore, due for start-up in 2010. Researchers have looked at other EG processes such as the reaction of ethylene and carbon dioxide to give ethylene carbonate followed by hydrolysis, and the direct oxidation of ethylene to glycol acetate anhydride which can be hydrolysed to ethylene glycol and acetic acid.